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EVERYDAY  GREEK 


THE   UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO   PRESS 
CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS 

THE    BAKER  &  TAYLOR   COMPANY 
NEW   YORK 

THE   CAMBRIDGE   UNIVERSITY    PRESS 

LONDON 

THE  MARUZEN-KABUSHIK.I-KAISHA 
TOKYO,  OSAKA,  KYOTO,  FUKUOKA,  SENDAI 

THE  COMMERCIAL  PRESS,   LIMITED 
SHANGHAI 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 

GREEK  WORDS  IN  ENGLISH,  INCLUDING 
SCIENTIFIC  TERMS 


By 
HORACE  ADDISON  HOFFMAN 

Professor  Emeritus  of  Greek 
Indiana  University 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO  PRESS 
CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS 


COPYRIGHT   1 91 9   BY  THE    UNIVERSITY  OF   CHICAGO 

ALL   RIGHTS   RESERVED.    PUB  LI  SHED  J  U  LY   I9I9 

TENTH  IMPRESSION   MARCH    I935 


COMPOSED  AND  PRINTED  BY  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO  PRESS 
CHICAGO,  ILLINOIS.  U.S.A. 


TA 


c^  PREFACE 

"-         This  book  has  grown  out  of  my  own  needs  in  giving  a  briel 

course  in  the  derivation  of  English  words  of  Greek  origin.     I 

have  the  hope  that  it  will  also  be  of  service  to  many  other 

teachers  in  giving  similar  courses  in  colleges  and  high  schools. 

vj;  believe  also  that  many  persons  will  find  such  a  manual  very 

J  helpful  for  private  study  and  reference.     Those  who  have 

"^  studied  Greek  in  the  usual  way  will  find  the  book  helpful  for 

^   purposes  of  review  and  in  the  application  of  their  knowledge 

^  to  the  study  of  Greek  words  in  English.     Others  can  use  the 

^  book  in  private  study  as  the  means  of  acquiring  in  the  shortest 

and  most  direct  way  a  sufficient  knowledge  of   Greek  to 

_  enable  them  to  trace  the  origin  and  feel  the  force  of  scientific 

f-    terms  and  other  English  words  of  Greek  origin. 

<r         The  book  is  not  intended  to  take  the  place  of  the  English 

dictionary  or  the  Greek  lexicon,  but  only  to  prepare  the  stu- 

^  dent  to  make  a  more  intelligent  use  of  the  dictionary. 

One  of  the  chief  problems  in  preparing  this  manual  has 
been  to  decide  just  what  to  include  in  it  and  what  to  leave  out, 
so  that  it  might  contain  neither  too  much  nor  too  little.     I 
"Shave  tried  to  strike  a  happy  medium  and  to  include  only  those 
j  "^things  which  are  fundamental  for  the  purposes  of  the  book, 
.'       selecting  my  examples  in  such  a  way  as  to  illustrate  the  differ- 
ent types  of  words.     I  cannot  expect  to  satisfy  everyone  by 
my  selections.     No  doubt  many  teachers  and  students  will 
find  some  things  included  which  they  consider  superfluous, 
and  others  will  miss  things  which  they  would  prefer  to  have 


n 


362S0 


vi  PREFACE 

included.  This  will  be  especially  true  of  the  vocabulary 
and  the  lists  of  words  given  for  study.  It  will,  however,  be 
easy  for  anyone  to  omit  words  and  sections  which  he  does  not 
care  to  study,  and  those  who  wish  different  examples  from 
those  given  can  collect  lists  of  words  in  which  they,  or  their 
students,  are  particularly  interested.  It  is  to  be  hoped, 
indeed,  that  students  who  use  this  book  will  not  confine 
themselves  to  the  words  given  in  it,  but  that  each  one,  after 
mastering  the  fundamental  principles  and  enough  of  the 
examples  to  illustrate  them,  will  seek  to  apply  his  knowledge 
to  the  words  of  Greek  derivation  w^hich  belong  to  his  own 
special  field  of  study. 

It  will  be  noticed  that,  in  so  far  as  scientific  terms  are 
concerned,  I  have  given  a  preponderance  of  medical  terms. 
There  are  three  reasons  for  this.  In  the  first  place,  I  have 
tried  to  make  this  work  especially  helpful  to  medical  students ; 
secondly,  the  medical  terminology  has  to  a  considerable 
extent  been  handed  down  to  us  from  the  ancient  Greek  physi- 
cians and  preserves  more  fully  the  true  Greek  forms  and 
meanings  than  that  of  most  other  sciences;  thirdly,  many  of 
these  medical  terms  have  come  into  general  use  and  belong 
to  everyday  language,  not  merely  to  the  professional  language 
of  the  physician.  Even  new  terms  in  medicine  often  very 
soon  become  widely  known  and  a  part  of  the  common  language 
of  educated  people.  I  believe,  therefore,  that  the  amount  of 
attention  given  to  medical  terms  is  justified,  even  if  the  user 
of  the  book  does  not  intend  to  study  medicine. 

I  have  tried  to  present  the  material  in  the  most  convenient 
and  practical  form  rather  than  in  a  scientific  and  exhaustive 
form.     The  Greek  scholar  will  think  that  I  have  not  dug  very 


PREFACE  vii 

deep  in  my  chapter  on  the  formation  of  words,  or  in  giving 
the  derivation  of  individual  words.  I  feel,  however,  that  I 
have  given  quite  as  much  as  the  ordinary  student  of  this 
book  will  be  able  to  assimilate  in  the  time  which  he  can  give 
to  the  subject. 

Classes  using  the  book  should  study  the  first  three  divisions 
— The  Alphabet,  Parts  of  Speech,  and  Word  Formation — 
in  the  order  given  in  the  text.  The  matter  in  these  divisions 
is  arranged  by  topics  and  in  what  has  seemed  to  me  the  best 
order  for  study.  I  have  not  divided  it  into  lessons  of  definite 
length,  and  the  teacher  can,  therefore,  adapt  the  length  of 
the  assignments  to  the  nature  of  his  class  and  the  conditions 
under  which  the  work  is  given.  The  remainder  of  the  book 
consists  of  a  collection  of  material  to  be  used  in  the  application 
of  the  principles  learned  in  the  first  three  divisions.  The 
order  in  which  this  is  taken  is  of  no  special  importance.  The 
teacher  can  select  from  this  material  such  portions  as  best 
suit  the  needs  of  his  class  and  the  time  at  their  disposal.  He 
may  substitute  other  words  and  groups  if  he  prefers. 

It  is  a  good  exercise  to  have  students  collect  words  of  Greek 
origin  from  the  studies  in  which  they  are  most  interested,  such 
as  philosophy,  botany,  zoology,  politics,  etc.  This  will  add 
to  their  interest  in  the  work,  and  the  words  so  collected  may  be 
made  a  basis  of  study  in  the  class.  Suitable  passages  of 
EngKsh  may  be  read  in  class  and  the  words  of  Greek  origin 
picked  out  and  analyzed.  Such  practical  exercises  can  be 
extended  indefinitely  and  will  be  limited  only  by  the  time  at 
the  disposal  of  the  class.  After  a  student  has  covered  the 
first  three  divisions  of  the  book  the  application  of  the  prin- 
ciples to  the  analysis  of  words  and  groups  of  related  words 


viii  PREFACE 

will  be  the  best  means  of  fixing  those  principles  in  mind  and  of 

making   them   useful    to   the   student.     Such   exercises   will 

afford  a  constant  review  of  the  fundamental  principles  and 

vocabulary. 

The  English  index  and  key  at  the  end  of  the  book  can  be 

used  to  find  all  the  information  given  in  the  book  about  any 

word. 

Horace  A.  Hoffman 

Bloomington,  Indiana 
February  17,  igig 


CONTENTS 

I.  The  Alphabet i 

Historical  Sketch;  The  Greek  Alphabet  of  the  Present  Time; 
English  Pronunciation  of  Words  of  Greek  Origin 

II.  Parts  of  Speech 13 

Nouns;  Verbs;  Adjectives;  Pronouns;  Prepositions;  Adverbs; 
Conjunctions 

III.  Formation  of  Words 23 

Definitions  of  Terms;  Euphony;  Vowel  Changes;  Some 
Common  Suffixes;  Verbal  Adjectives;  Denominative  Adjec- 
tives; Denominative  Verbs;   Compound  Words 

IV.  Word  Groups  for  Study 42 

V.  Vocabulary 63 

VI.  Index  and  Key  to  Derivation       .     , 95 


I.    THE  ALPHABET 

(The  Alpha-Beta:   The  A-B-C's) 
Historical  Sketch 

1.  The  Greek  alphabet  is  the  parent  of  all  modern  Euro- 
pean alphabets,  including  our  own. 

The  ancient  Greek  alphabet  was  derived  from  the  Phe- 
nician  alphabet.  Modifications  were  made  to  some  extent  in 
the  forms  of  the  letters,  and  still  more  in  the  sounds  for  which 
they  stood.  The  Phenician  alphabet  had  no  characters  to 
represent  vowel  sounds,  and  so  some  of  the  Phenician  char- 
acters which  represented  sounds  not  found  in  the  Greek 
language  were  used  by  the  Greeks  to  represent  vowel  sounds. 

2.  Our  knowledge  of  the  ancient  Greek  alphabet  is  obtained 
chiefly  from  inscriptions  on  such  durable  materials  as  stone, 
bronze,  and  pottery.  The  oldest  of  the  preserved  inscriptions 
date  from  about  600  B.C.  As  we  come  down  to  later  times  they 
become  more  and  more  numerous.  It  is  interesting  to  com- 
pare these  inscriptions  and  observe  how  the  forms  of  the 
letters,  and  sometimes  their  values,  varied  in  different  periods 
and  in  different  localities.  Some  of  these  variations  are 
especially  interesting  because  we  can  find  in  them  the  origin 
of  differences  which  exist  today  in  the  European  alphabets. 
Our  own  alphabet  comes  from  the  Roman  alphabet,  which 
originally  was  the  Greek  alphabet  as  found  in  the  Chalcidian 
Greek  colonies  in  Southern  Italy. 

3.  In  ancient  times  the  capital  letters  only  were  used  in 
both  Greek  and  Latin.  The  capitals,  therefore,  represent  the 
original  letters,  and  in  studying  the  early  history  of  the  alpha- 
bet we  must  confine  ourselves  to  the  capital  letters.     The 


2  EVERYDAY  GREEK 

small  letters,  or  lower  case  letters,  as  they  are  called  in  modern 
printing,  grew  up  in  cursive,  or  rapid,  writing  on  parchment 
and  papyrus.  We  find  such  cursive  writing  used  for  letters, 
contracts,  accounts,  and  other  non-literary  purposes  as  early 
as  242  B.C.  But  for  centuries  after  cursive  writing  had  come 
into  use  for  non-literary  documents  the  capitals  alone  were 
still  used  in  formal  books  and  in  inscriptions.  Our  oldest 
manuscripts  of  the  New  Testament  are  written  wholly  in 
capitals. 

4.  At  the  present  time  ancient  Greek  books  are  printed  in 
modern  Greek  type,  just  as  ancient  Latin  books  are  printed 
in  modern  Roman  type,  or,  as  we  commonly  call  it,  English 
type.  The  alphabet,  therefore,  which  we  learn  when  we  first 
study  Greek  is  the  modern  Greek  alphabet,  and  the  small 
letters  are  for  practical  purposes  of  far  more  importance  than 
the  capitals,  since  the  capitals  are  used  chiefly  at  the  begin- 
ning of  proper  names,  and  at  the  beginning  of  paragraphs. 

5.  Before  we  pass  from  the  consideration  of  the  original 
capital  letters  it  will  be  interesting  to  notice  a  few  differences 
between  the  capitals  in  the  Greek  and  Roman  alphabets  as 
they  are  used  today,  and  to  point  out  their  origin.  We  find 
that  these  differences  go  back  to  differences  in  the  ancient 
Greek  alphabets  used  in  different  periods  of  time  and  in 
different  localities. 

For  example,  the  Greek  Rho  (P)  lacks  the  tail  found  in 
its  Roman  equivalent,  R,  and  so  it  is  the  same  in  form  as  our 
English  P,  which  is  represented  in  the  Greek  alphabet  by  the 
character  called  Pi  (H).  But  this  Roman  form  of  R  is  found 
in  many  of  the  older  Greek  inscriptions,  and  regularly  so  in 
the  inscriptions  of  those  Greek  settlements  in  Italy  from  which 
the  Romans  got  their  alphabet.  The  same  is  true  of  practi- 
cally all  the  differences  between  the  later  Greek  and  Roman 


THE  ALPHABET  3 

alphabets.  The  character  X,  which  in  the  standard  Greek 
alphabet  has  the  sound  of  kh,  or  German  ch,  was  used  in  the 
Greek  settlements  in  Italy  as  equivalent  to  ks,  which  is  its 
sound  in  Latin  and  English.  It  is  also  found  used  in  this 
same  way  in  many  places  in  Greece  proper,  as  in  Laconia, 
Euboea,  and  Boeotia.  The  character  H  in  the  older  Greek 
inscriptions  has  the  same  sound  as  in  the  Roman  and  Enghsh 
alphabet,  and  E  is  used  for  both  long  and  short  e.  The 
Ionian  Greeks,  however,  began  very  early  to  use  this  character, 
H,  to  represent  the  long  sound  of  e,  and  this  was  later  adopted 
at  Athens,  so  that  from  about  400  B.C.  this  character,  called 
eta,  became  the  common  symbol  for  long  e. 

6.  In  writing  with  brush  or  pen  there  was  a  natural  tend- 
ency to  round  off  the  corners  of  the  letters,  so  that  many 
letters  which  were  originally  angular  became  rounded,  and 
the  Roman  alphabet  has  more  of  these  rounded  forms  than 
the  Greek.  Thus  the  Greek  Delta  (>)  became  D.  One  form 
of  Gamma  is  <,  which  by  rounding  became  C.  One  common 
old  form  of  Sigma  is  ^,  which  by  rounding  became  S,  while 
another  form,  made  with  four  strokes  instead  of  three  {t), 
was  modified  to  S. 

The  Greek  Upsilon  is  found  in  ancient  Greek  inscriptions 
in  two  forms,  V  and  Y.  The  first  form  was  adopted  by  the 
Romans,  and,  eventually  becoming  rounded  at  the  bottom, 
gives  us  our  U.  At  the  time  when  the  Romans  first  adopted 
the  Greek  alphabet  both  the  Greek  Upsilon  and  the  Roman  u 
(  V)  had  the  same  sound,  that  of  00  in  "boot."  The  Latin  V 
retained  this  sound,  but  by  the  time  that  the  Romans  began 
to  borrow  Greek  words  in  considerable  numbers  the  sound  of 
the  Greek  Upsilon  had  changed  to  that  of  the  French  u  and 
the  form  Y  had  come  into  general  use.  Therefore  whenever 
the  Romans  adopted  a  Greek  word  which  contained  Y,  since 


4  EVERYDAY  GREEK 

they  had  no  letter  in  their  own  alphabet  to  represent  its 
sound,  they  retained  this  character  in  spelling  the  word  and 
thereby  added  a  new  letter  to  the  Roman  alphabet,  which 
was  used,  however,  only  in  Greek  words  containing  it.  This 
is  the  origin  of  our  English  Y,  and  we  have  followed  the  fashion 
of  the  Romans  by  continuing  to  write  y  for  the  Greek  Upsilon 
in  words  of  Greek  derivation,  such  as  "psychic,"  "physics," 
"rhythm,"  and  the  like. 

From  the  two  forms  of  the  Greek  Upsilon,  V  and  Y,  we 
have  gotten  four  letters  in  our  English  alphabet,  U,  V,  W 
(double  u),  and  F. 

7.  The  Greek  Lambda  (A)  and  the  Roman  L  do  not  at 
first  sight  seem  very  much  alike,  but  when  in  old  Greek  inscrip- 
tions we  find  Lambda  turned  upside  down  and  the  right  limb 
depressed  and  shortened,  thus  I,,  we  at  once  recognize  the 
source  of  L. 

An  interesting  thing  which  comes  out  in  the  examination  of 
old  Greek  inscriptions  is  the  fact  that  the  Roman  alphabet  and 
our  own,  though  derived  from  the  Greek  alphabet,  have,  to 
some  extent,  retained  older  forms  than  are  now  found  in  the 
Greek  alphabet;  older  even  than  were  found  in  the  Greek 
alphabet  used  at  Athens  in  the  time  of  Plato  and  Demos- 
thenes, although  in  most  cases  where  the  two  alphabets  differ 
both  forms  may  be  traced  back  to  very  ancient  times. 

In  the  letter  Q  the  Roman  alphabet  and  our  own  retain 
the  old  Greek  and  Phenician  Koppa  (?)  which  most  of  the 
Greeks  discarded  very  early,  except  as  a  numeral,  because  it 
was  superfluous,  having  the  same  sound  as  K.  In  our  F  we 
have  the  old  Greek  Digamma,  which  also  was  discarded  in 
very  early  times  by  the  Ionian  Greeks,  including  the  Athenians. 
In  old  Greek  it  had  the  sound  of  our  w,  but  the  Romans  used 
it  as  an  equivalent  of  the  eastern  Phi  (4>),  ph. 


THE  ALPHABET  5 

The  Romans  had  dropped  Z  from  their  alphabet,  but  when 
they  began  to  take  Greek  words  over  into  Latin  they  reinstated 
it  for  use  in  spelling  Greek  words  which  contained  Zeta.  This 
explains  how  it  came  to  be  at  the  end  of  the  Roman  alphabet, 
and  consequently  at  the  end  of  our  own.  How  the  F  came 
to  be  the  next  to  the  last  letter  has  already  been  explained 
above. 

Note. — Samples  of  Greek  inscriptions  and  tables  showing  the  different 
•forms  of  the  letters  found  in  different  periods  and  in  different  localities  may  be 
seen  conveniently  in  Roberts'  Introdudion  to  Greek  Epigraphy,  published  by 
the  Cambridge  University  Press. 


The  Greek  Alphabet  of  the  Present  Time 

8.  The  forms  of  the  letters  here  given  are  those  which  are 
now  used  in  printing  both  ancient  and  modern  Greek. 


Characters 

Names 

' 

Equivalents 

A 

a 

alpha 

a 

as  in  father 

B 

^ 

beta 

b 

as  in  box 

r 

7 

gamma 

g 

as  in  gun 

A 

5 

delta 

d 

as  in  dog 

E 

e 

epsilon 

e 

as  in  met 

Z 

r 

zeta 

z 

as  in  zone 

H 

■n 

eta 

t 

as  in  fete 

e 

d 

theta 

th 

as  in  thin 

I 

I 

iota 

i 

as  in  machine 

K 

K 

kappa 

k 

as  in  keep 

A 

X 

lambda 

I 

as  in  log 

iM 

M 

mu 

m 

as  in  man 

N 

V 

nu 

n 

as  in  no 

H 

^ 

xi 

X 

as  in  ox 

0 

0 

omicron 

0 

as  in  obey 

n 

TT 

pi 

P 

as  in  piji 

L'* 


6  EVERYDAY  GREEK 

Characters  Names  Equivalents 

P  p  rho  r     as  in  run 

S  <r  s  sigma  s     as  in  sun 

T  T  tau  t     as  in  top 

T  u  upsilon  u    as  in  French  u 

<l>  (^  phi  /»/?  as  in  physics 

X  X  chi  ch  as  in  machen  (German) 

^  i/'  psi  ps  as  in  5/w^5 

12  CO  omega  o     as  in  go 

PRONUNCIATION 

9.  The  pronunciation  generally  in  use  in  American  col- 
leges is  an  attempt  to  approximate  that  used  by  the  ancient 
Athenians  in  the  classical  period.  The  pronunciation  now 
used  in  modern  Greece  differs  greatly  from  this,  is  much  more 
difficult  for  English-speaking  students,  and  obscures  the  rela- 
tion between  the  Greek  word  and  the  English  word,  or  words, 
derived  from  it.  In  this  book,  therefore,  the  general  usage 
of  American  colleges  is  followed. 

ID.  The  consonants. — The  consonants  are,  in  general, 
pronounced  like  the  English  equivalents  given  in  the  fore- 
going table  of  the  alphabet. 

The  following  require  special  explanations: 

7  is  always  pronounced  like  g  in  "go,"  except  that  before 
K-,  T,  X,  or  k  it  has  the  sound  of  English  ng,  and  is  then  repre- 
sented in  Latin  and  in  English  by  n.  Thus  a77€Xos,  messenger, 
becomes  in  Latin  angelus,  and  in  English  angel.  Other  illus- 
trations are  at^ly^,  sphinx;  eyKw/jLtov,  encomium;  ^pbyxi-o., 
bronchia;  7  is  never  pronounced  like  g  in  gin. 

6  is  pronounced  like  th  in  thin,  not  like  th  in  this. 

a  is  pronounced  like  s  in  sun,  not  like  5  in  his. 

X  is  pronounced  like  German  ch  in  machen. 


THE^PHABET  7 

11.  The  vowels  and  diphthongs. — ;The  vowels  are  pro- 
nounced as  follows: 

a  like  a  in  father 

e  like  e  in  met 

7j  like  a  in  mate 

I  like  e  in  me 

X  like  i  in  pin 

0  like  0  in  o^gj 

i;  like  French  u,  or  German  ii 

CO  like  0  in  go 

Theoretically  the  short  vowels  differ  from  the  long  in 
quantity  only,  that  is  in  the  length  of  time  the  sound  is  dwelt 
upon.  This  distinction  is  practically  impossible  for  English- 
speaking  persons,  and  the  sounds  indicated  in  the  above  table 
will  answer  our  purposes. 

12.  Following  is  a  table  of  the  diphthongs  and  their 
approximate  pronunciation: 

at  like  i     in  mine 
et   like  ei  in  eight 
OL  like  oi  in  oil 
av  like  ou  in  out 
€v  like  eu  in  feud 
ov  like  00  in  boot 
m  like  ui  in  q2iit 

Besides  these  there  are  the  so-called  improper  diphthongs, 
a,  v,  w,  with  the  t  written  under  a  long  open  vowel.  This  t 
is  called  iota  subscript,  and  is  silent,  so  that  these  improper 
diphthongs  are  pronounced  the  same  as  d,  -q,  00.  The  iota 
subscript  is  omitted  in  English  derivatives. 

13.  Breathings. — Every  vowel  or  diphthong  at  the  begin- 
ning of  a  word  has  either  the  rough  breathing  (')  or  the 
^..^ii  11^  breathing  (').     The  rough  breathing  is  pronounced 

"-'al. 


8  EVERYDAY  GREEK 

like  the  English  h,  the  smooth  breathing  is  not  pronounced  at 
all  and  may  be  considered  merely  ornamental.  The  rough 
breathing  was  also  used  with  initial  rho. 

Examples:  pbbov,  rose. 

14.  Accents. — There  are  three  marks  of  accent:  the  acute 
('),  the  grave  ('),  and  the  circumflex  Q.  There  are  compli- 
cated rules  for  determining  which  accent  shall  be  used  and 
where  it  shall  be  placed,  but  all  we  need  to  know  for  our  pur- 
pose is  that  in  pronouncing  Greek  words  we  accent  the  syllable 
over  which  the  accent  is  placed  and  make  no  distinction  with 
regard  to  the  kind  of  accent  mark  used.  The  vowel  which 
has  a  circumflex  over  it  is  long. 

15.  Suggestions  in  pronunciation. — There  are  no  silent 
letters  in  Greek  except  the  iota  subscript.  There  is  a  syllable 
for  each  vowel  or  diphthong.  In  trying  to  pronounce  Greek 
words,  think  not  of  the  names  of  the  Greek  letters,  but  of  the 
corresponding  English  letters  with  the  sounds  indicated  above. 

16.  Pronounce  the  words  in  the  following  list;  also  write 
them  out  in  Greek  letters.  Then  transliterate  these  words, 
that  is,  write  them  in  the  corresponding  Roman,  or  English, 
letters. 

Learn  the  meanings  of  these  words  and  tell  what  English 
words  you  think  are  derived  from  them.  }  C\ 

ci5i7,  song  iroTafxos,  river 

avTos,  self  avdpwiros,  human  being,  man 

(po^os,  fear  686s,  road,  way 

vtKTap,  nectar  nerpov,  measure                        y 

(f)ccvri,  sound,  voice  T6Tros,  place 

veKp6$,  dead  body,  corpse  ttoXitijs,  citizen 

d77eXos,  messenger  deaTorrjs,  master  (of  slaves) 

y  pa.(f)Oi) ,  I  write  ^{f                 4>l\os,  friend,  lover 

txTTOs,  horse  ^  hTLaroXr],  letter 


,.-•' 

^    -^                        THE 

irapabaaos,  park 

ALPHABET                                         < 

j8do-ts,  step,  foundation 

aK/jLT],  highest  point,  prime 

/Stos,  life 

debs,  a  god,  God 

(bpa,  season,  hour 

0dXa7^,  line  of  battle 

adXrjTrjs,  contestant 

acTpov,  star 

jSdpos,  weight 

X^'i-P,  hand 

bkvbpov,  tree 

epyov,  work 

(Tcpaipa,  ball 

(TTpaTrjyos,  general 

iarpos,  healer,  physician 

auaTOfxr],  dissection 

fxeya,  large,  big,  great 

^OTOLvr],  grass,  vegetation 

HLKpos,  small 

fifxepa,  day 

eiprjpt],  peace 

Kkk-KTOi,  I  steal 

000 pa  ^,  breast-plate,  breast,  chest 

Kparqp,  mixing  bowl 

ttoXls,  city,  state 

Write  the  following  words  in  Greek  letters: 
Analysis,  genesis,  skeleton,  synthesis,  parenthesis,  sepsis, 
diagnosis,  idea,  pathos,  embryo (n),  Philadelphia,  Socrates. 

TRANSLITEEATION 

17.  The  first  Greek  words  came  into  EngHsh  through  Latin 
and  retained  the  Latin  spelhng.  Thus  the  custom  was  estab- 
lished of  spelling  Greek  words  in  English  as  they  were  spelled 
in  Latin,  not  merely  using  the  Roman  characters  instead  of 
the  Greek  characters,  but  also  making  such  changes  in  the 
letters  as  the  Romans  made  in  order  to  represent  the  Greek 
sounds  by  the  letters  and  combinations  of  letters  used  to  repre- 
sent those  sounds  in  Latin.  Greek  endings  were  also  changed 
to  corresponding  Latin  endings.  Furthermore,  the  Latin  end- 
ing is  often  dropped  in  English,  or  a  familiar  English  ending 
substituted.  Thus  " drama ticus"  becomes  dramatic,  "poeta," 
poet,  "philosophia,"  philosophy,  "nauticus,"  nautical,  "prac- 
ticus,"  practical.  The  familiar  English  adjective  ending  -al  is 
itself  from  the  Latin  ending  -alis  in  such  words  as  "navalis," 
naval. 


lo  EVERYDAY  GREEK 

i8.  For  the  reason  already  explained  in  section  6  the  Greek 
upsilon  (T)  was  retained  in  Greek  words  taken  over  into  Latin, 
and  this  gives  us  our  English  F,  y.  The  Greek  upsilon  is 
therefore  represented  by  y  when  Greek  words  containing  upsi- 
lon are  written  in  Latin  or  in  English,  unless  the  upsilon  is  part 
of  a  diphthong,  in  which  case  it  is  transliterated  as  u.  Thus 
h.voKvai'i  is  written  analysis,  but  vavriKos  is"nauticus"  in  Latin, 
nautical  in  English. 

19.  Most  of  the  Greek  consonants  are  transliterated  by 
the  Latin  or  English  equivalents  given  in  the  table  of  alpha- 
bet (see  p.  5). 

K,  however,  is  usually  transliterated  as  c. 

p  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  always  has  the  rough  breath- 
ing in  Greek  and  becomes  rh  in  Latin  and  in  English.  Thus 
pi]TU)p  becomes  rhetor. 

7  before  k,  7,  x,  or  ^  becomes  n.  Thus:  a77eXoj,  angelus, 
angel;  o-<^t7^,  sphinx;  iyKe^xikos,  encephalus;  iyxapl^i-op, 
enchiridion. 

20.  The  largest  number  of  changes  occur  in  the  case  of  the 
diphthongs.     These  are  indicated  in  the  following  table: 

Greek  at  becomes  in  Latin  ae 

Greek  et   becomes  in  Latin  i,  occasionally  e 

Greek  ot  becomes  in  Latin  oe 

Greek  ov  becomes  in  Latin  « 

The  older  English  followed  the  Latin  spelling,  but  in  the 
simplified  spelling  of  English  in  recent  years  ae  and  oe  have 
generally  been  shortened  to  e.  Thus  4)aLv6pevov,  formerly 
spelled  phaenomenon,  is  now  generally  written  phenomenon. 
oLKovonia  was  formerly  written  oeconotny,  but  is  now  written 
economy. 

There  is  also  a  tendency  in  recent  years  in  making  new 
scientific  terms   to  retain   the  Greek  spelling  in  some  cases 


THE  ALPHABET  ii 

instead  of  using  the  i^atin  spelling.     In  these  instances  k 
is  used  for  k,  ou  for  ov,  ai  for  at,  ei  for  ci,  and  oi  for  oi. 

However,  in  tracing  the  derivation  of  most  English  words 
of  Greek  origin  it  is  necessary  to  take  into  account  the  Latin 
spelling  of  Greek  words.  This  is  especially  true  of  the  older 
and  better  known  words. 

21.  These  peculiarities  of  transhteration  may  be  summar- 
ized as  follows: 

/c  =  c,  p  =  rh,  v  =  y,  ai.  =  ae,  €t  =  z,  or  e,  oL  =  oe,  ov  =  u. 

22.  The  Greek  endhigs  were  also  usually  changed  to  the 
corresponding  Latin  endings.  The  most  important  instances 
for  our  purpose  are  the  change  of  -os  in  Greek  nouns  and 
adjectives  of  the  o-declension  to  the  corresponding  Latin 
ending  -us,  and  of  the  neuter  ending  -ov  of  the  same  declension 
to  the  corresponding  Latin  ending  -urn. 

Thus  xopo5  is  chorus  in  Latin  and  English;  KDpos  is 
Cyrus.  In  English,  however,  the  ending  may  be  dropped 
altogether.     Thus:  nvdos,  Latin  mythus,  English  myth. 

Examples  of  neuters  are:  yiovaeiov,  museum;  arepvov, 
sternum;  yv^ivaatov,  gymnasium. 

English  Pronunciation  of  Words  of  Greek  Origin 

23.  While  Greek  words  are  usually  taken  into  English 
in  a  Latinized  form,  they  are  pronounced  as  English  words  with 
the  usual  English  sounds  of  the  letters.  The  Greek  accent  is 
disregarded  both  in  Latin  and  in  English,  but  the  Latin 
accent  is  very  commonly  retained  in  English;  always  so  in 
proper  names.  It  is,  therefore,  important  to  recall  the  rules 
for  the  accent  of  Latin  words,  which  are  as  follows: 

Words  of  two  syllables  are  always  accented  on  the  first 
syllable.  Words  of  more  than  two  syllables  are  accented  on 
the  next  to  the  last  syllable  (penult),  if  that  is  long  in  quantity; 
otherwise  on  the  preceding  syllable  fantepenult). 


12 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


24.  The  following  points  should  also  be  noted  in  the  Eng- 
lish pronunciation  of  Greek  derivatives: 

K  becomes  c,  which  in  Latin  is  pronounced  like  k,  but  in 
English  c  is  pronounced  like  5  before  e,  i,  and  y.  Likewise  g 
is  pronounced  \ikej  before  e,  i,  and  y. 

Examples:  catalog,  cycle,  criticize,  Cassandra,  Cyrus,  Cato, 
Cicero,  genesis,  galaxy,  geometry,  trigonometry,  Ganymede,  George. 

Greek  x  is  transliterated  as  ch,  but  this  ch  is  generally 
pronounced  like  k. 

Examples:  anarchy,  chromatic,  architect,  technical.  "Arch- 
bishop" and  a  few  other  similar  words  form  an  exception. 

Greek  4/,  equivalent  to  ps,  is  very  common  at  the  beginning 
of  Greek  words.  Since  we  cannot  easily  pronounce  ps  at  the 
beginning  of  a  word,  we  drop  the  p  and  pronounce  the  ^  only. 

Examples:  psalm,  psychology,  pseudonym. 

The  vowels  are  pronounced  with  the  usual  English  sounds. 


EXERCISE   IN 

25.  Write  the 
Latinized  English 
in  English: 

'Apt(rret5?7s 

QovKv8l8r)s 

'AttoWcov 

'Adrjva 

'A(f)po8LTrj 

EuptTTtSijs 
,  At(rx  yXos 
nXdrcoj' 
'ETTi/coypos 
Eu/cXetST/s 


TRANSLITERATION   AND   PRONUNCIATION 

following  words  both  in  Greek  and  in  their 
forms.     Pronounce  them  both  in  Greek  and 


H.p68oTos 
'i>oij3r) 
Kvpos 
v-jroOeacs 
KpiaLi 
ykveaLS 

x'i-fJ-o.ipa 
Bopeas 
Koafios 
ixvdos 


Xopos 

ayyeXos 

fjLovaeiov 

KpLTrjpLOV 

(Trkpvov 

Spa/jLa 

yec/i/jLerpia 

(f>i\0(70(j)'La 
OLKOVOfxla 

^aKTrjpia 
SrtuoKoaTLa 


II.    PARTS  OF  SPEECH 

26.  The  parts  of  speech  in  Greek  are  the  same  as  in  English, 
namely:  nouns,  adjectives,  pronouns,  verbs,  adverbs,  con- 
junctions, and  prepositions.  The  first  four  are  inflected,  that 
is,  they  have  different  forms  to  indicate  different  cases,  num- 
bers, genders,  persons,  tenses,  voices,  and  modes. 

Greek  is  a  highly  inflected  language,  even  more  so  than 
Latin,  and  the  number  of  forms  is  very  great,  especially  in  the 
verbs.  These  different  forms  are  produced  mainly  by  differ- 
ent endings,  but  to  some  extent  by  prefixes  and  other  changes 
in  the  stem. 

For  our  purposes  it  is  not  necessary  to  learn  the  inflections, 
but  only  such  changes  of  forms  as  reappear  in  English  words 
derived  from  the  Greek.  These  changes  are  such  as  belong 
to  word-formation,  the  process  by  which  new  stems  and  words 
are  formed  from  existing  roots  and  stems.  The  study  of 
roots'  and  stems'  is  therefore  important. 

Nouns 

27.  The  form  in  which  we  learn  a  Greek  noun  is  the 
nominative  case  singular  number.  This  is  the  form  given 
first  in  dictionaries. 

28.  Declensions. — There  are  three  declensions  of  Greek 
nouns,  the  a-declension,  the  o-declension,  and  the  consonant 
declension,  which  are  generally  called  the  first,  second,  and 
third  declensions  respectively. 

29.  The  first,  or  a-declension. — In  this  declension  the 
stem  ends  in  -a,  often  modified  to  rj.     The  nominative  singular 

'  For  definitions  of  these  terms  see  sections  55  and  56. 

13 


14 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


of  feminine  nouns  of  this  declension  ends  in  a  or  r/.     Masculine 
nouns  add  y. 

30.  The  following  list  of  words  will  illustrate  the  a- 
declension.  These  words  and  their  meanings  should  be 
learned.  Words  have  been  selected  for  the  list  which  have 
English  derivatives,  and  these  English  derivatives  will  assist 
in  remembering  the  Greek  words  and  their  meanings. 


ojpa,  season,  hour 

CLK/JLT],  highest  point,  prime,  acme 

6i}8r],  song,  ode 

idea,  appearance,  form,  idea  /" 

laropia,  inquiry,  information, 
narrative,  history 

fxrjxavr],  cojitrivance,  machine; 
(English  derivative,  mechani- 
cal) 

rrxoXi],  leisure,  (school) 

(j)a)vr},  voice,  sound,  (phonetic, 
phonograph,  telephone) 

a4>a'ipa,  ball,  sphere 

diaLTa,  mode  of  life,  (diet) 


vyleia,  health,  (hygiene) 
KpLTTjs,  judge,  (critic) 
Bopeas,  north-wind,  (boreal) 
■woX'iTrjs,  citizen,  (political) 
deairoTTjs,  master  of  slaves,  despot 
TTOLrjT-qs,  maker,  composer,  poet 
ddXriTrjs,    contestant    in    games, 

athlete 
VTTOKpLTT]^,  actor,  (hypocrite) 
({)i.\oao4)La,  love  of  wisdom,  phi- 
losophy 
yevea,  race,  stock,  family,  (gene- 
alogy) 


31.  The  second  declension,  or  o-declension. — The  stem 
ends  in  0.  In  the  nom.  sing,  masculines  and  feminines  add  s, 
neuters  add  u.     There  are  very  few  feminines. 


32. 


LIST   OF   WORDS    OF   THE   O-DECLENSION 


ayyeXos,  messenger,  (angel) 
a8e\<t>6s,  brother,  (Philadelphia) 
avdpcj^TTos,    man,    human    being, 

(anthropology) 
apiOpLos,  number,  (arithmetic) 
ai'Xos,  pipe,  (hydraulic) 


8p6idos,  road,  race-track,  (hippo- 
drome) 

^Xlos,  sun,  (heliograph,  helio- 
trope) 

debs,  god,  (theology,  theism) 

IVttos,  horse,  fhippodrome) 


PARTS  OF  SPEECH 


15 


Koaixos,  order,  universe,  world, 
(cosmopolitan) 

\[dos,    stone,    (monolith,    litho- 

'  graph) 

^Wos,  story,  (myth) 

TVTTos,  impress,  type 

voaos  (fem.),  disease,  (nosology) 

yvados  (fem.),  jaw,  (progna- 
thous) 

656s,  (fem.),  way,  journey,  (exo- 
dus) 


fxerpop,  measure,  (meter,  ther- 
mometer) 

aKTJTTTpov,  stajf,  scepter 

bkvbpov,  tree,  (rhododendron) 

dearpov,  theater 

oTkpvov,  breast,  breast-bone, 
(sternum) 

(jLovaeiov,  temple  of  the  muses, 
(museum) 

opyavov,  instrument,  organ 

4)apixaKov,  drug,  (pharmacy) 


33.  The    third    declension,    or    consonant    declension. — 

In  this  declension  the  stem  ends  in  a  consonant,  or  in  one  of 
the  close  vowels,  i,  v.  The  genitive  case  in  this  declension  adds 
-OS  to  the  stem  and  the  stem  may  generally  be  found  by  drop- 
ping this  ending  in  the  genitive.  It  is  therefore  usually 
necessary  to  know  the  genitive  case  to  find  the  stem  of  those 
nouns  whose  stem  ends  in  a  consonant.  Stems  in  i,  or  v, 
if  masculine  or  feminine,  add  sigma  in  the  nominative  singu- 
lar and  the  stem  can  be  found  in  such  words  by  dropping  this 
sigma.  A  few  stems  in  upsilon  are  neuter  and  have  the 
nominative  singular  like  the  stem. 

The  genitive  singular  of  nouns  in  this  declension  is  given  in 
the  dictionaries  and  vocabularies.  The  nominative  singular  of 
nouns  of  this  declension  has  various  endings  which  we  learn  in 
learning  the  word  as  we  find  it  in  the  dictionary  or  vocabulary. 

34.  SOME  TYPICAL  WORDS  OF  THE  THIRD  DECLENSION 


ai7p,  genitive  dep-os,  air;    (aero- 
naut) 
daifjLCJV,  baiixov-o$,  deity;  (demon) 
Sepfxa,  depjjiaT-os,  skin;    (derma- 
tology, pachyderm) 


dpapLa,   8pafxaT-os,   action,  deed; 

(drama,  dramatic) 
Kavwv,     Kavbv-os,     straight-edge, 

ride,  standard;  (canon) 


i6 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


/cXt/xa^,  K\lnaK-os,  ladder,    stair- 
case; (climax) 
bb'yjxa.,  bby^a.T-os,  opinion,  con- 
viction, decree;  (dogma) 
KpaT7]p,  KpaTTJp-os,  fuixing-boivl, 

bowl;  (crater) 
Xdpi;7^,  Xdpi;77-os,  larynx 
TTvp,  irvp-6s,fire;  (pyrotechnic) 
pis,    piv-bs,    nose;       (rhinology, 

rhinoceros) 
(jiCis,  </>c<jT-6s,  light;  (photograph) 
xetp,    x€tp-6s,    hand;      (chirog- 

raphy) 
ovs,  Oi}T-6s,  ear;   (otology) 


7t7as,  ylyavT-os,  giant;  (gigan- 
tic) 

opvLs,  opvid-os,  bird;  (orni- 
thology) 

riTvap,  ^Trar-os,  liver;    (hepatic) 

4>\'ep,  (/)Xe/3-6s,  vein;  (phlebot- 
omy) 

dpi^,  TpLx-bs,  hair;  (trichina, 
trichoblast;  found  in  many 
scientific  terms) 

TTovs,  Tro8-6s,  foot;  (tripod,  anti- 
podes, polypous) 

Trats,  TraiS-os,  child;  (pedagogue, 
pediatric) 


35.  Words  with  stems  ending  in  l,  or  v. — In  these  words  the 
genitive  is  often  irregular,  but  the  nominative  is  regular  and 
the  stem  is  best  found  by  dropping  the  nominative  singular 
ending  -s.  The  genitive  of  this  class  of  words  is  not  given  in 
the  vocabularies  of  this  book. 


36. 

TToXi-s,  toivit,  city,  state;  (politi- 
cal, necropolis) 

dvvafjLL-s,  power,  force;  (dynamic, 
dynamite) 

lxdb-s,fish;  (ichthyology) 

(t>vaL-s,  nature;  (physical) 


yevea-L-s,  birth,  origin,  genesis 
jSdcrt-s,  foundation,  base,  basis 
vav-s,  ship;  (nausea,  nautical) 
apaXvai-s,  analysis 
avvOeai-s,  synthesis 


37.  Neuter  nouns  in  -0?. — A  special  and  important  class 
of  nouns  in  the  consonant  declension  are  the  neuters  with 
nominative  in  -oj.  All  masculine  and  feminine  nouns  ending 
in  -OS  belong  to  the  o-declension,  but  neuter  nouns  in  -os 
belong  to  the  consonant  declension.  The  latter  originally 
had  stems  ending  in  -es.     The  e  of  the  stem  is  changed  to 


PARTS  OF  SPEECH  17 

o  in  the  nominative,  accusative,  and  vocative.  In  the  other 
cases  the  final  a  of  the  stem  is  dropped  before  the  case 
ending  so  that  the  stem  seems  to  end  in  e. 

38.  EXAMPLES    OF   NEUTER   NOUNS    IN  -OS 
ykvos,  yeve((r)-os,  race,  kind;  (homogeneous,  heterogeneous) 
wados,  ■irade{(T)-os,  feeling,  sufering,  disease;    (pathology) 
^apos,  weight;  (barometer) 

avdos,  flower;   (anther,  polyanthous,  anthology) 

etSos,  appearance,  form,  kind;  (kaleidoscope,  spheroid  =  (r0atpo-€t5i7s; 

\pev8os,  falsehood;  (pseudonym,  pseudo-science) 

KpcLTos,  power,  rule;  (democratic) 

Verbs 

39.  The  form  of  the  verb  given  first  in  dictionaries  is 
usually  the  first  person  singular  of  the  present  indicative 
active.  Thus:  ypa(j}co,  I  write;  bldo^fxt,  I  give.  Some  English 
dictionaries  in  referring  to  Greek  verbs  give  the  infinitive,  and 
for  that  reason  it  is  well  to  know  how  the  infinitive  ends  also. 

40.  The  most  common  class  of  verbs  are  those  whose  first 
form  ends  in  -00,  and  whose  present  active  infinitive  ends  in 
-eiv.  Thus:  ypacf)Cjo,  I  write;  ypa(t)Hv,  to  write.  In  many  of 
these  the  verb  stem  may  be  found  by  merely  dropping  the 
ending  -co,  or  -tiv.  But  in  many  other  verbs  the  simple  verb 
stem  has  been  modified  in  some  way  in  the  present  so  that  it 
is  more  or  less  disguised.  Thus:  irpaaaoo,  I  do,  I  accomplish. 
Here  the  verb  stem  is  not  irpaao-,  but  irpay,  as  seen  in  irpay- 
paTLKos,  English  pragmatic.  The  stem  is  the  important  part 
for  us  in  tracing  derivatives.  Accordingly,  in  this  book 
whenever  the  simple  verb  stem  cannot  be  found  by  merely 
dropping  the  ending,  the  stem  is  placed  after  the  verb  in 
parentheses.  Thus:  irpaacrco  (irpay),  I  do,  accomplish.  This 
stem  should  be  learned  in  learning  the  verb  since  it  is  essential 
for  our  purpose  to  know  the  stem. 


i8  EVERYDAY  GREEK 

41.  Verbs  in  -co  with  infinitive  in  -eLv. — 

ypa4>co,  I  write,  draw,  paint  irpaaaoo  (irpay),  do,  accomplish, 

ypa^eiv,   to  write,   draiv,   paint;  (pragmatic,  practical) 

(geography,  photograph)  yi-yvLo-aKui    {yvb^),  know;     (ag- 

\vu),Iloose  nostic) 

Xhav,  to  loose;     (electrolysis)  Kpivoi  (k pi),  judge,  decide;  (crisis, 

Note. — In  the  rest  of  this  list  the  critic) 

infinitive  is  not  given  and  the  subject  ^^^^^    (^^   ^^)     /„-jg.      (crypto- 

"  I"  is  omitted  in  the  translation  for  the  '^               \  ^-   v-y, 

sake  of  brevity.     The  same  practice  gram) 

will  hereafter  generally  be  observed.  ireiTTCo  (ireTr) ,  digest;   (dyspepsia, 

8paco,  do,  act;   (drama)  pepsin) 

TFoiew,  make,  compose;   (poet)  reixvco  (re/x),  C2{t;    (microtome) 

opaco,  see;    (panorama)  tvtttoo  (tutf),  strike;    (type) 

TpeToo,  turn;  (tropic)  ax'^^oi  {axi-^),  split;   (schism) 

06pa),  hear,  carry;  (phosphorous,  o-nirw,  rot,  decay;  (sepsis,  septic) 

semaphore)  reu'co  {rev),  stretch;    (tone) 

42.  Verbs  in  -//t. — Several  important  verbs  end  in  -jut  in 
the  first  person  singular  of  the  active  indicative.  The  infini- 
tive of  these  ends  in  -vai. 

TL-drj-iJLL  (de),  infinitive  rL-de-vai,  put,  place;  (thesis,  synthesis) 
8i-8oj-iJLL  {80),  infinitive  8L-8b-vaL,  give;  (dose,  antidote) 
'i-aT-q-fXL  {(JTo),  infinitive  l-<jTa-vaL,  stand;    (static,  system) 

43.  Deponent  verbs. — In  Greek  there  are  many  so-called 
deponent  verbs  which  have  the  forms  of  the  middle  or  passive 
voice,  but  are  either  active  or  intransitive  in  meaning.  The 
middle  and  passive  voices  have  the  same  form  in  the  present 
tense.  In  the  first  person  singular  of  the  indicative  they  end 
in  -Ojuat  instead  of  -co.     The  infinitive  ends  in  -ecdaL. 

aladauofxaL  (alad),  aladaveadai,  perceive;  (aesthetic,  anesthetic) 
yiyvo/xaL,  for  yL-yev-o/jLai  (yev),  become,  be  born;   (genesis,  eugenic) 
jiilik-oixaL,  imitate;  (mimetic,  mimeograph) 
(jKtTVToixaL  (aK€Tr),  look  at,  examine,  consider;  (skeptic,  telescope) 


PARTS  OF  SPEECH  19 

44.  Sometimes  the  active  form  has  one  meaning  and  the 
middle  or  passive  another. 

(j>abcjo  {4>av),  sliow,  (Ideio-phant).     4^a'ivojj.aL,  appear;  (phenomenon) 

A  few  deponent  verbs  omit  the  vowel  0  or  e  before  the  endings. 
bvva-iJ.ai  {bvva),  bvva-adai,  be  able,  have  power;   (dynamic,  dynasty) 

45.  There  are  also  verbal  roots  which  are  not  used  in  the 
present  tense,  "But  occur  in  other  tenses.  Nouns  and  adjec- 
tives are  often  derived  from  such  roots,  and  some  of  these 
roots  give  us  common  English  derivatives  and  are  important 
for  our  purposes.  In  these  cases  it  will  answer  our  purpose 
to  learn  merely  the  root  and  its  meaning. 

Root  </)a7,  eat;  (sarcophagus,  ichthyophagous). 
Root  or,  see;   (optics,  autopsy). 

Adjectives 

46.  Adjectives  have  the  same  declensions  as  nouns.  They 
generally  have  different  forms  for  different  genders.  Many 
adjectives  have  the  feminine  in  the  a-declension  and  the 
mascuhne  and  neuter  in  the  o-declension. 

EXAMPLES 

Masculine  Feminine  Neuter 

(jLLKpos  HLKpa  iJLLKpop,  Small;  (microscope,  microtome) 

aocjjos  ao(f)r]  aoc^bv,  wise;   (sophomore,  philosopher) 

ixovos  jJiovrj  ixbvov,  alone,  single;  (monotone,  monogamy) 

47.  Some  adjectives  have  the  feminine  in  the  a-declension 
and  the  masculine  and  neuter  in  the  consonant  declension. 
Others  are  declined  wholly  in  the  (7-declension  or  in  the  conso- 
nant declension,  the  masculine  and  feminine  being  alike  in 
form. 


20  EVERYDAY  GREEK 

The  dififerences  in  form  which  mark  gender  rarely  appear 
in  English  derivatives,  and  for  our  purposes  it  is  sufficient  in 
most  instances  to  learn  merely  the  first  form  of  the  masculine 
and  its  stem.  In  so  far  as  the  forms  of  adjectives  are  con^ 
cerned  we  can  apply  to  them  what  we  have  already  learned 
about  nouns. 

EXAMPLES 

(XLKpd-s,  small;  (micro-scope,  micro-cosm) 

libvo-s,  alone,  single;  (mono-syllable,  mono-gram) 

ixkya-s,  ixeyakr],  big,  large;  (mega-phone,  megalo-mania) 

ToKv-s,  much,  plur.  many;   (poly- theism,  poly-technic) 

ttSs,  gen.  iravT-Ss,  neut.  irav,  all;  (pan-theism,  panto-mime) 

fxeXas,  gen.  jueXar-os,  black;  (melan-choly,  melan-urus) 

6tJ,6-s,  same;   (homo-geneous,  homo-logous) 

avTo-s,  self;   (auto-graph,  auto-matic)  I 

aptcrro-s,  best;  (aristo-cracy) 

veo-s,  neiv,  yotmg;  (neo-Uthic,  neo-phyte) 

48.  The  article. — The  Greek  has  an  article  corresponding 
to  the  English  definite  article  the.  It  is  declined  in  full  ii 
each  of  the  three  genders.  We  need  learn  only  the  three  form; 
of  the  nominative  singular,  as  follows:  masc.  6,  fem.  17,  neut.  to 

These  forms  of  the  Greek  article  are  used  after  nouns  ii 
Greek  dictionaries  as  a  convenient  way  of  indicating  tht 
gender  of  the  nouns.     Thus : 

KpLTTis,  6,  indicates  that  Kpiriis  is  masculine. 
656s,  17,     indicates  that  656s     is  feminine. 
7€i'os,  t6,  indicates  that  ykvos   is  neuter. 

Pronouns 

49.  The  Greek  personal  pronouns  do  not  appear  in  Englisl 
derivatives,  with  the  exception  of  lyo),  I,  which  is  found  ii 
egoism,  egotism,  egoistic,  and  egotistic. 


PARTS  OF  SPEECH  21 

Prepositions 

50.  The  Greek  prepositions  nearly  all  appear  in  English 
words,  some  of  them  very  frequently,  and  they  are  very 
important  for  our  purposes.  They  are  not  inflected.  They 
are  very  common  as  the  first  part  of  a  compound  word. 

51.  The  following  hst  should  be  learned  with  the  meanings 
there  given.  The  meanings  given  are  chiefly  those  which  the 
prepositions  have  in  compound  words,  since  the  Greek  prepo- 
sitions appear  in  English  only  as  parts  of  compound  words. 

d^K^t,  about,  on  both  sides;  (amphi-theater,  amphibious) 

di'd,  up,  throughout;  (anatomy,  anathema,  analysis) 

avTL,  opposite,  against;  (antidote,  anti-German) 

a.Tr6,from,  away  from;  (apostasy,  apology) 

5td,  through;  (diameter,  diaphragm) 

h,  in,  at;  (enhydrous,  energy,  encaustic). 

k,  e^,  out  of;  (eccentric,  exodus). 

kiri,  upon;  (epidermis,  epidemic,  epitaph,  epigram) 

/card,  down;  (cataract,  catastrophe,  cataclysm) 

/xerd,  after,  differently;  (metacarpus,  metamorphose) 

Trapd,  by,  beside;  (parasite,  paragraph) 

vrept,  around;  (perimeter,  pericarp) 

irp6,for,  before,  forth;  (prologue,  prophet) 

avp,  with,  together;  (synthesis,  sympathy) 

virep,  above,  over,  beyond,{hypeTcntical,  hyperbole,  hypertrophy) 

vTTo,  under,  Latin  sub;  (hypodermic,  hypothesis) 

Adverbs 

52.  The  following  adverbs  appear  in  English  words: 

e^w,  outside;  (exoteric,  exogen) 
e<Tco,  within;  (esoteric) 
tv5ov,  within;  (endogen) 
ev,  well;  (euphony,  eugenic) 
T^\e,far;  (telegraph,  telepathy) 


22  EVERYDAY  GREEK 

53.  Inseparable  particles. — There  are  a  few  prefixes  which 
are  common  in  composition  with  other  words,  but  which  never 
occur  as  separate  words.     They  are  as  follows: 

av-,  a-  are  negative  Hke  un-  in  English,  or  in-  in  Latin. 
av-  is  used  before  words  beginning  with  a  vowel,  d-  befdre 
words  beginning  with  a  consonant.  Thus:  an-esthetic, 
a-pathetic,  an-odyne,  a-septic. 

dva-  has  the  meaning  ill,  bad.  It  is  the  opposite  of  eu, 
well,  good. 

Examples:  dyspepsia,  dysentery. 

riiJLL-,  half;   (hemisphere). 

8l-,  two,  double;   (diphthong,  dimeter,  dilemma). 

koWl-,  heantijtil;    (caUigraphy,  calisthenics). 

Conjunctions 

53a.  The  Greek  conjunctions  do  not  appear  in  EngHsh 
derivatives  and  we  can  disregard  them. 


III.     FORMATION  OF  WORDS 

54.  New  and  longer  words  are  formed  very  freely  in  Greek 
from  the  shorter  words,  or  rather,  from  their  roots  and  stems. 
Most  of  the  longer  words  are  made  up  of  a  number  of  distinct 
parts  each  of  which  has  its  own  special  significance.  Before 
proceeding  further  with  the  process  of  word-building  it  is 
necessary  to  learn  the  meaning  of  a  few  terms  which  we  must 
use  repeatedly. 

Definitions  of  Terms 

55.  Root. — A  root  is  the  fundamental  part  of  a  word,  or  a 
group  of  related  words.  Longer  sj.ems  and  words  may  be 
derived  from  the  root,  but  the  root  cannot  itself  be  derived 
from  any  more  simple  element  existing  in  the  language. 

Thus  in  genesis,  genetic,  eugenic,  hydrogen,  endogen,  etc., 
there  is  a  common  syllable  gen  which  is  the  root,  meaning 
become,  or  he  horn.  The  same  root  with  the  vowel  e  changed  to 
0  appears  in  other  words,  such  as  theogony,  cosmogony, 
gonophore. 

The  root  the,  put,  or  place,  appears  in  each  of  the  following 
words:  Thesis,  theme,  synthesis,  antithesis,  apothecary, 
hypothetical,  anathema. 

56.  Stem. — The  stem  is  the  part  of  a  word  which  remains 
the  same  in  a  group  of  forms  arising  from  inflection.  Roots 
are  often  used  as  stems,  but  most  stems  consist  of  the  root 
lengthened  out  by  something  added  to  it  or  prefixed  to  it. 

Thus  in  genesis,  Greek  yeueai^,  the  root  is  yev,  but  the 
stem  is  yepeat.  To  this  we  add  the  case  ending  s  in  the  nomina- 
tive and  get  the  form  yepeaLs;    the  accusative  case  is  yivtaw. 

23 


24  EVERYDAY  GREEK 

57.  Suffix. — A  suffix  is  one  or  more  syllables  added  to  the 
end  of  a  root  or  stem  to  make  a  new  stem.  The  suffixes  do 
not  occur  as  separate  words.  They  may  be  illustrated  in 
English  by  the  syllable  -er  in  such  words  as  sing-er,  work-er, 
build-er;  or  by  -ness  in  such  words  as  sweet-we5J,  y^ezxi-ness, 
\d\e-ness. 

58.  Prefix- — A  prefix  is  one  or  more  syllables  placed  before 
a  stem.  Most  of  the  prefixes  are  prepositions  or  adverbs, 
which  may  occur  as  independent  words,  but  there  are  some 
prefixes  which  do  not  occur  as  separate  words.  (See  section 
53  above).  We  may  illustrate  the  use  of  the  prefix  by  the 
following  English  words:   MW-wise,  m-human,  aw/i-Christian. 

59.  Verbal. — A  verbal  is  a  word  derived  from  a  verb-stem 
or  root.  Words  derived  directly  from  roots  are  also  called 
primitives. 

60.  Denominative. — A  denominative  is  a  word  derived 
from  the  stem  of  a  noun  or  an  adjective. 

61.  Simple  word. — A  simple  word  is  one  formed  from  a 
single  root  or  stem. 

62.  Compound  word. — A  compound  word  is  formed  by 
combining  two  or  more  stems. 

Euphony 

63.  A  great  many  changes  are  made  in  the  spelling  of 
Greek  words  for  the  sake  of  euphony  (Greek  ev(j)0)v[a,  good 
sound,  from  ev,  good,  and  ^0)^17,  sound). 

To  explain  these  euphonic  changes  it  is  necessary  first  to 
understand  the  classification  of  the  Greek  consonants. 

CLASSIFICATION   OF   CONSONANTS 

64.  Following  are  the  classes  of  consonants: 

(i).  Mutes,  or  Stops. — These  may  best  be  given  in  the 
form  of  a  table. 


FORMATION  OF  WORDS  25 


Surds 

Sonants 

Aspirates 

Labials, 

T 

fi 

0 

Palatals, 

K 

7 

X 

Linguals, 

T 

5 

d 

In  the  surds  the  breath  is  stopped  by  the  organs  of  speech, 
and  in  the  sonants  the  voice  is  stopped  in  the  same  way. 
The  aspirates  consist  of  the  surds  followed  by  the  aspirate 
sound  h. 

(2).  Liquids. — ^X,  ju,  v,  p.  These  are  so  called  from  their 
smooth,  flowing  sounds. 

(3).  Sibilant,     a,  s. 

(4).  Double  consonants.     f=dz,  ^=ks,  )/'=ps. 

EUPHONIC  CHANGES  OF  CONSONANTS 

65.  Before  r  a  labial  or  palatal  mute  must  be  co-ordinate, 
that  is,  in  the  same  column  with  r  in  the  above  table.  Thus 
the  root  irpay,  do,  with  the  sujQ&x  -tlkos  becomes  not  irpay- 
TLKos,  but  irpaK-TLKos,  practical.  So  ex-rtKos  becomes  eK-TLKo^, 
hectic,  and  eTLkrj^-TLKos  becomes  e7rtXTj7r-rt/c6s,  epileptic. 

66.  Before  r  a  lingual  mute  becomes  a.  irXar-TLKos 
becomes  TrXacr-rtKos,  plastic;  cxoXaS-rt/cos  becomes  crxoXacr- 
TLKos,  scholastic. 

67.  Before  ix  a  labial  mute  becomes  p.,  a  palatal  mute 
becomes  7,  and  a  lingual  mute  becomes  a.  ypa4>-pa  changes 
to  y pap-pa,  from  which  we  have  the  syllable  gram  in  telegram, 
program,  grammar,  etc.;  irapadeiK-pa  changes  to  irapadeLy-pa, 
paradigm;  aocpid-pa  changes  to  aocpLcr-pa,  sophism;  -irXar-pa 
becomes  Tr\aa-pa,  plasm. 

68.  Before  a  labial  mute  v  becomes  p.  (xw-TtaBeLa,  from 
aw  and  irados,  becomes  avp-iradeia,  sympathy.  Compare 
symphysis,  symphony. 


20  EVERYDAY  GREEK 

69.  TT,  ^,  or  (j)-^(X=\l/ 

K,  7,  or  x+o-=^ 

T,  S,  or  6-\-a=(T,  that  is,  a  lingual  mute  is  dropped 
before  sigma. 

70.  p  is  dropped  before  a.  aw-ar-qixa  becomes  av-cr-qixa, 
system,  v  is  usually  assimilated  before  11  and  X.  Thus 
avv-\a^i)  becomes  av\-\a^r),  syllable;  avv-jxerpia,  avix-fierpla, 
symmetry. 

71.  Initial  p  is  doubled  when  a  short  vowel  comes  before 
it  in  the  formation  of  a  compound  word.  This  double  rho 
(pp)  comes  into  English  as  rrh. 

Thus:  pea),  flow,  with  the  preposition  Kara  becomes  /carap- 
pico,  flow  down,  whence  Karappoos,  a  down-flowing,  a  running 
down  of  mucus  from  the  head,  English  catarrh. 

71a.  The  only  consonants  which  can  stand  at  the  end  of  a 
Greek  word  are  v,  p,  and  s. 


Vowel  Changes 

72.  The  vowel  in  a  root  or  stem  is  often  changed  to  some 
other  vowel.  Such  changes  are  found  also  in  English  words 
not  of  Greek  origin.  Thus:  Sing,  sang,  sung,  song;  sit,  sat, 
set,  seat;   tell,  told,  tale. 

In  Greek  the  most  common  change  of  this  kind  is  the 
change  of  e  in  a  verbal  root  to  0  when  a  noun  or  adjective  is 
formed  from  the  same  root.  Thus:  rpeVco,  turn,  rpoirr],  a 
turning,  solstice,  tropic;  rfKio-rpoTos,  turning  to  the  sun, 
heliotrope  {riKLOTpbinov);  T€lvcc{Tep),  stretch,  topos,  stretch  of  the 
string,  tone. 

Many  other  vowel  changes  occur  in  Greek  stems,  both  in 
the  formation  of  tenses  in  the  verbs  and  in  the  formation  of 
nouns  and  adjectives  from  verb  stems. 


FORMATION  OF  WORDS  27 

73.  A  final  short  vowel  is  usually  lengthened  before  a 
suffix  beginning  with  a  consonant.  Both  e  and  a  become  rj. 
TTote'-w,  TTOLTj-Trjs;  apdpo-co,  apdpoj-cnsuaTT]HL((TTa),  av-OT-q-pa, 
system. 

74.  A  final  vowel  is  usually  dropped  before  a  suffix  begin- 
ning with  a  vowel,     povaa,  pova-LK6s:pi(t)po-s,  vecpp-Zris. 

Some  Common  Suffixes 

75.  Verbal  Nouns. — The  simplest  and  most  common 
suffixes  by  which  nouns  are  formed  from  verb  stems  are  -a 
and  -0,  forming  respectively  noun  stems  of  the  a-declension  and 
the  o-declension.  The  nominative  case  of  these  words  ends 
in  -a,  -77,  -OS,  -ov.  An  e  in  the  verbal  root  is  regularly  changed 
to  0.     The  meanings  vary. 

Tre/iTTw,  send,  escort: TTopT-ri,  an  escort,  a  procession  (Eng.  deriv. 

pomp) 
TpeTTCj,  turniTpoTT-T],  d  tuming,  solstice,  (tropic) 

rpoTT-os,  turn,  manner,  turn,  or  figure  of  speech,  trope 
Ttjivw  (re/x),  cut'.Top-T],  a  cutting,  a  section 

Top-os,  section  of  a  book,  volume,  tome 
ava-repvo),  cut  up,  dissect: ava-rop-r],  dissection,  anatomy 
Teluoo  (reu),  stretch:  tov-os,  a  stretching,  tension,  tone 

76.  Agent  nouns  are  made  with  the  suffixes  -r-qs,  -rrip,  -Toop. 
TToieo),  make,  compose:  iroL-rj-T'qs,  maker,  composer,  poet 

pe,  root  meaning  speak: pr]-Twp,  speaker,  orator,  rhetor 
Kepavi>vpL  (Kepa;  Kpa),  mix:Kpa-TT]p,  mixer,  mixing-boivl,  crater 
a9\eco,  contend  in  games: d^XTj-riys,  contestant,  athlete 

77.  Action  nouns  are  made  with  the  suffixes  -aLs,  -ai.a,  -pos. 
Kplvco  {kpi),  judge,  decide: Kpl-aLs,  decision,  crisis 

ava-Xvoj,  loosen  up,  separate: ava-\v-aLs,  separation,  analysis 
(Tvv-Tidrjpi  (de),  put  together:avv-6e-aLs,  a  putting  together,  synthesis 
o-qTco,  rot,  decay  :arj\l/LS  (crrjir-aLs),  a  rotting,  sepsis 


28  EVERYDAY  GREEK 

aiadavofxaL    (alaO,    aiade),    perceive,  feel'.a.v-ai(jdr]-ala,  insensibility, 

anesthesia 
(t4>v^o)  {a(t)vy),  throb,  beat:a<pvy-iJi6s,  throbbing,  pulse.     (Compare 

sphygmo-graph) 
^ap^api^w  (j8ap/3apt5),  barbarize :  j8ap/3apt<r-)u6$,  barbarism 

78.  Result  nouns  are  made  with  the  suffix  -fxar.  These 
are  neuter  nouns  of  the  consonant  declension  and  drop  the 
r  in  the  nominative  case,  which  therefore  ends  in  -/^a. 

TToteo),  make,  compose:  irol-q-ixa,  what  is  made,  or  composed,  poem 

8pao},  do,  act'.bpa-na,  deed,  action,  drama 

7pd</>a;,  zvrite:ypafj,-fj.a  (ypa4>-fjLa),  what  is  written;    in  the  plural 

(ypa/jLjjLaTo),  writings,  literature,  letters  (compare  Latin  litterae). 

From  ypaiJLfxa  come  grammar,  and  the  syllable  gram  in  such 

words  as  monogram,  epigram,  diagram,  program,  telegram,  etc. 
avv-l(TTr]iJ.i  (ara),  set  together: a v{i')-(TTr]-fia,  what  has  been  set  together, 

a  system. 

79.  Denominative  nouns  are  made  with  the  sufl5x  -rrjs 
denoting  the  person  concerned  with. 

TToXt-s,  city,  state:  TToKl-T-qs,  citizen.     Hence  Eng.  political,  politics 
^aO-s,  ship:vav-Ti]s,  sailor.    Hence  syllable  naut  in  argonaut,  aero- 
naut, nautical,  nautilus 
iraTpia,  family,  clan,  tribe: -KaTpiw-T-rjs,  clansman,  compatriot,  (patriot) 

80.  Quality  nouns  are  made  from  adjectives  with  the 

suffix  -[a. 

(T0(f)6s,  wise:(jo(j)la,  wisdom. 

<f)t.\6ao(f)os,  wisdom-loving:  (f)L\oao(j)-la,  love  of  wisdom,  philosophy 

TToXv-yafjios,  much-married,  polygamous: 7roXu-7a/i-ia,  polygamy 

81.  Place  nouns  are  made  with  the  suffix  -elov. 

Movaa,  Muse:nov(j-tZov,  temple  of  the  Muses,  museum. 
MaucrcoXos,  Mausolus:Mav(jix!K-€Lov,  tomb  of  Matisolus,  mausoleum 
di8r],  song:wb-eiov,  place  of  song,  music  hall,  odeum 


FORMATION  OF  WORDS  29 

Verbal  Adjectives 

82.  It  will  be  observed  that  some  of  the  suffixes  used  to 
form  adjectives  are  the  same  as  those  used  for  forming  nouns. 
Adjectives  and  nouns  were  not  always  clearly  distinguished 
among  the  Greeks.  The  fact  that  they  were  decHned  alike, 
and  that  adjectives  were  often  used  substantively,  that  is 
as  nouns,  tended  to  obliterate  the  distinction  between  them. 
Thus  the  adjective  "good"  in  the  masculine  form  with  the 
masculine  article  before  it  meant  "the  good  man,"  in  the  fem- 
inine form  with  the  feminine  article  meant "  the  good  woman," 
while  the  neuter  meant  "the  good  thing,"  or  "whatever  is 
good,"  which  practice  we  have  carried  over  into  English  in 
the  expression  "the  good,  the  true,  and  the  beautiful"; 
that  is,  "whatever  is  good,  whatever  is  true,  and  whatever  is 
beautiful."  Generally,  however,  in  English  when  we  place 
the  definite  article  before  an  adjective  and  use  it  substantively 
we  think  of  it  as  plural  in  a  universal  or  collective  sense. 
When  we  say  "the  wise,"  "the  rich,"  "the  young,"  etc.,  we 
mean  "all  who  are  wise,"  etc.  The  Greeks  expressed  this 
by  putting  the  adjective  and  its  article  in  the  plural  number, 
which  they  indicated  by  the  ending.  We  cannot  make  such 
a  distinction  in  English  since  the  form  of  the  adjective  is  the 
same  in  all  genders  and  numbers. 

The  practical  purpose  of  this  note  is  to  make  it  clear  that 
many  of  the  forms  given  in  this  section,  while  fundamentally 
adjectives,  may  also  be  used  as  nouns,  and  some  of  them 
generally,  appear  in  English  as  nouns  rather  than  as  adjec- 
tives. 

83.  Adjectives  equivalent  to  perfect  passive  participles  are 
made  with  the  suffix  -to^,  neuter  -tov. 

■pvTTu  (kpv4>),  hide,  conceal: kpvt-t6s,  hidden;  English  derivatives, 
crypt,  crypto-gram,  crypto-gam 


30  EVERYDAY  GREEK 

8l8(jifj.L  (5o),  give'.avTL-bo-Tov,  antidote;    av-eK-bo-rov,  anecdote    • 

eTL-TidrjfiL  (de),  put  upon,  addlkirl-de-Tov,  epithet 

crKeWcio  (cTKeX-e),  dry  uplaKeXe-ros,  dried  uplaKike-rbv  (acifxa),  a  dried 

Up  body.^  a  mummy,  skeleton 
4>v(Ai,  gro'w'.4)VTbv,  something  grown,  a  plant.     Hence  English  -phyte 

in  such  words  as  neophyte  (a  young  plant),  zoophyte,  epiphyte 

84.  Verbal  adjectives  denoting  relation,  fitness,  ability, 
or  inclination  are  made  with  the  suffix  -tlkos. 

irpaaaco  (xpay),  do,  accompHsh'.TrpaK-TLKos,  efficient,  practical 
aua-Xv-co,  analyze idi'a-Xu-rt/coj,  analytic,  analytical,  analytics 
aladavoixai  (alad-e),  perceive: aiadrj-TLKos,  able  to  perceive,  aesthetic; 

negative  an-aesthetic 
orjTvoj,  rot,  decayiarjir-TLKos,  productive  of  decay,  septic;    negative 

a-septic 

85.  Many  compound  adjectives  with  a  verb  stem  in  the 
second  part  are  made  with  the  suffix  -os.  These  are  also  used 
as  agent  nouns,  and  it  is  in  this  sense  chiefly  that  they  give  us 
English  derivatives. 

An  €  in  the  verb  stem  is  regularly  changed  to  o. 

0COS,  genitive  0wt-6s,  light;  4>'^pco,  bear,  carry. 

(f)oj(r-(l)6p-os,  bearing  light,  light-bearer,  phosphorus 

ypa(f)co,  write,  draw,  paint 

*(/)wr-o-7pa0-os,  light-painter,  photographer 

7a/iew  (ja/jL),  marry:  ToXv-ya/jL-os,  much  married,  polygamous 

acfTpov,  star:Xeycc,  speak,  tell  about: 

aarpo-Xoy-os,  one  who  tells  about  the  stars,  astronomer,  astrologer 

jStos,  life:fiLO-ypa4)-o$,  life-writer,  biographer 

pvdos,  story,  myth 

lxv6o-\by-os,  story-teller ;  one  ivho  tells  about  the  myths,  mythologist 

^Qov,  animal :*^o)o-X6y-os,  zoologist 

*  Greek  words  marked  by  an  asterisk  (*)  in  this  book  are  either  assumed 
forms,  or  modern  forms,  and  are  not  found  in  Liddell  and  Scott's  Greek-English 
Lexicon.  All  such  words  given  in  this  book  are  fomied  on  the  analogy  of  similar 
words  found  in  ancient  Greek  and  from  words  actually  found  there.  They 
are  given  because  they  are  the  Greek  equivalents  of  EngHsh  words. 


FORMATION  OF  WORDS  31 

■  86.  It  may  be  noted  in  passing  that  from  each  of  these 
adjectives  or  agent  nouns  in  -0?  we  may  form  an  abstract 
noun  denoting  the  state,  action,  or  process,  by  changing  the 
ending  to  -la.     (See  section  80). 

*4)(>}T-o-ypa(j)-os,  photographer:*(j)coToypa(l)-ia,  photography 
TToKv-yafji-os,  polygamous: -woKvyaii- la,  polygamy 
aarpo-'Koy-os,  astrologer  :aaTpo\oy-la,  astrology 
/3to-7pa</)-os,  biographer: ^Loypa4>-ia,  biography 
fj.vdo-\6y-os,  mythologist: fj.v6o\oy-la,  mythology 
*fwo-Xo7-os,  zoologist:* ^(jookoy-la,  zoology 

The  ending  -ta  is  changed  to  y  in  EngUsh.  It  is  through 
this  class  of  words  that  we  get  in  EngHsh  the  names  of  sciences 
ending  in  -ology. 

87.  A  common  mistake  is  to  derive  these  names  of  sciences 
from,  the  noun  \6yos,  word,  or  speech,  \byos  is  derived  from 
the  same  root  as  the  last  part  of  these  compounds  ending  in 
-Xo7ta,  and  is  brother  to  this  ending,  not  its  parent.  -'Koyia 
does  not  occur  in  the  Greek  language  as  a  separate  word, 
but  only  in  such  compounds  as  /jLvdo-Xoyla,  aarpo-Xoyla,  B^o- 
Xoyta,  etc.,  which  always  presuppose  [xvdo-'Xoy-os,  aarpo-Xoy- 
os,  6eo-\6y-os,  etc.  The  -\6yos  in  the  latter  part  of  these  and 
similar  words  is  not  the  noun  X670?,  speech,  since  it  means  not 
speech,  but  speaker,  or  rather,  one'^who  speaks  about,  and  obvi- 
ously comes  directly  from  the  verb  Xeyo.  The  identity  of  form 
is  accidental  and  this  has  misled  many.  The  situation  is 
made  clear  by  comparing  the  similar  compounds  derived  from 
ypa(j)0),  write.  In  this  case  there  is  no  noun  ypa<po^  to  cause 
confusion,  and  so  every  one  says  the  latter  part  of  these  com- 
pounds is  from  the  verb  7pa0co.  The  change  of  e  to  0  in 
the  root  Xe7  of  Xe7co  has  also  contributed  to  this  confusion. 
This  change,  however,  is  regular  and  very  common.  (See 
sections  72  and  85). 


32  EVERYDAY  GREEK 

What  has  just  been  said  will  be  illustrated  and  made 
clearer  by  the  following  examples: 
*0io-ypa(f>-os,  biographer: ^Lo-ypa4)-ia,  biography 
7ea)-7pa.0-os,  geographer  :yeo:-ypa(f)-La,  geography 
(j)(j0(7-4>6p-os  (4>epcS),  light-bearer :  (pcoa-cpop-ia,  a  bringing  of  light 
aarpo-Xoy-os,  astrologer:  aa-rpo-Xoy-ia,  astrology 
aarpo-voiJL-os  (venui),  astronomer :  acT po-vop.-'ia,  astronotny 
deo-\6y-os  (keyo)),  theologian: deo-Xoy-ia,  theology 

Denominative  Adjectives 

88.  The  following  sufEjfes  are  used  to  make  adjectives 
from  nouns,  or  rather,  from  noun  stems: 

89.  -to-s,  belonging  to,  pertaining  to.  It  appears  in  English 
derivatives  mostly  in  adjectives  derived  from  proper  names, 
the  Greek  ending  -los  being  replaced  in  English  by  the  Latin 
sufl&x  -ian  (-ianus). 

"OXv/jLTTo-s,  Olymptis:'0XviJLTr-Los,  Olympian 
KopLvdo-s,  Corinth:Koplvd-Los,  Corinthian 

driXk-ofxai,  hurt,  harm:8r]X7]-Tr}p,  one  who  hurts,  or  harms: 8r]Xr]-Trip- 
los,  hurtful,  harmful,  deleterious 

90.  -Ko-s,  HKo-s,  denoting  relation,  fitness,  resemblance,  and 
corresponding  to  the  ending  -tlkos  in  verbals  given  above 
(Sec.  84). 

TToXiTT^s,  citizen: TV oXlt-lkos,  political 

prjTwp,  orator: prjTop-LKos,  rhetorical 

(t>v(ns,  nature:  4>v<Ti-Kbs,  natural,  physical 

KapSia,  heart: KapdLa-Kos,  relating  to  the  heart,  cardiac 

91.  The  Greek  endings  -lkos  and  -tlko^  are  the  source  of 
the  common  English  endings  -ic  and  -tic,  the  last  syllable  -os 
being  dropped  in  English.  After  the  ending  -ic,  or  -tic,  in 
English  there  is  commonly  added  the  ending  -al,  which  is 
from  the  Latin  sufi&x  -alis.     Sometimes  we  have  the  EngUsh 


FORMATION  OF  WORDS  33 

word  ending  in  -ic,  sometimes  in  -ical,  and  in  some  cases  we 
can  use  either.  We  can  say  either  poetic  or  poetical,  tragic 
or  tragical.  We  say  magnetic,  eccentric,  graphic,  energetic, 
enthusiastic.  But  we  say  practical,  physical,  rhetorical, 
theological,  etc.  Sometimes  the  word  occurs  with  both  the 
endings  -ic  and  -ical,  but  the  two  forms  have  different  mean- 
ings, as  politic  and  political. 

92.  The  neuter  plural  forms  of  these  adjectives  were  used 
in  Greek  as  names  for  arts  and  sciences.     The  neater  plural 
nominative  and  accusative  in  all  Greek  nouns  and  adjectives 
ends  in  -a  short. 
(pvaLKCL,  mailers  pertaining  to  nature,  the  study  of  things  belonging  to 

nature,  natural  science,  physics 
TTokLTLKa,  things  pertaining  to  the  citizens,  or  to  the  state,  politics 
ridos,  moral  character :7]di.Ka,  things  pertaining  to  moral  character, 

ethics 

In  these  and  similar  words  the  English  usage  imitates  the 
Greek  plural  by  adding  -s,  the  English  plural  ending.  Hence 
we  have  our  names  for  sciences  ending  in  -ics.  A  plural 
adjective  is,  however,  so  foreign  to  our  usage  that  we  forget 
that  these  words  are  plural,  and,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  in  our 
use  of  them  they  are  not  plural. 

We  have  also  names  of  arts  and  sciences  ending  in  -ic,  such 
as  music,  rhetoric,  arithmetic,  logic.  These  correspond  to 
the  Greek  practice  of  using  the  feminine  singular  of  the  adjec- 
tives in  agreement  with  the  noun  rexvy],  art,  or  iirLffTrjixr], 
science.  The  noun  was  usually  omitted  in  Greek.  Thus: 
IxovcTLKTi  {rkxy-.i),  musical  (art),  music 
apidix-qTiKri  (Ttxvr]),  the  art  of  counting  or  computation,  arithmetic 

The  Greeks  used  either  form.  Aristotle  has  at  times 
irdkiTLKf)  {rexpr},  ^TrKTrrjidr]),  political  science,  and  at  times 
TToXirtKo,,  politics,  in  the  same  sense. 


34  EVERYDAY  GREEK 

93.  -Trts,  making  feminine  adjectives.  With  the  feminine 
noun  voao^,  disease,  understood  these  adjectives  were  used  as 
names  of  diseases. 

v€4>pos,  kidney: uecjip-'LTLs  (voaos),  kidney  disease,  nephritis 
In  modern  medicine  the  ending  -itis  signiiies  inflammation 
j8p67xta,  bronchial  tubes:* ^pojx-'ltls,  bronchitis 
apdpov,  joint:  apOp-lTLs,  inflammation  of  joint,  arthritis 

94.  -77?  (stem  -es)  is  used  to  make  both  compound  adjec- 
tives in  which  the  latter  part  is  from  a  verb  stem  and  com- 
pound adjectives  in  which  the  latter  part  is  from  a  neuter  noun 
ending  in  -os  (stem  in  -es.     See  section  38.). 

ei;-7ev-i7s,  (from  ev,  well,  and  'yev,  stem  of  ylyvop.aL,  be  born),  well- 
born, noble.  From  this  we  have  in  English  the  proper  name 
Eugene,  and,  with  a  changed  ending,  eugenic  and  eugenics 

o/jLo-yevrjs  (from  ofxo-s,  same,  and  yeuos,  race,  kind,  genus),  of  the  same 
kind,  homogeneous 

acTTep-o-tLbris  (from  darrjp,  genitive  aarep-os,  star,  and  el8os,  stem 
et5es,  appearance,  form),  having  the  appearance  or  form  of  a 
star,  like  a  star,  asteroid.  This  is  the  origin  of  our  English 
ending  -oid,  meaning  like. 

avOpcoTTo-eLdrjs   having  the  appearance  of  a  human  being,  anthropoid 

(Tipaipo-eLdris,  sphere-like,  spheroid 

yew-etdris  contracts  to  yedcdrjs,  earth-like;   (geode) 

airaaiiiob-qs,  spasmodic  from  cnraapios,  shows  a  similar  ending. 

Denominative  Verbs 

95.  These  are  verbs  derived  from  nouns  or  adjectives, 
chiefly  from  nouns.  The  most  important  for  our  purpose  are 
those  ending  in  -aco,  -eco,  -oco,  -evco,  -afco,  -l^co. 

The  only  one  of  these  endings  appearing  in  verbs  in  English 
is  -t^co,  from  which  comes  our  common  verb  ending  -ize,  some- 
times changed  to  -ise.  We  have,  however,  in  English  many 
nouns  and  adjectives  derived  from  denominative  verbs  with 
the  other  endings  given  above. 


Syw*    Sy>^    FORMATION  OF  WORDS  35 

96.  The  following  will  illustrate  these  words  and  the  series 
of  derivatives  which  may  come  from  each: 

(a)  xeTpa,  trial,  attempt,  attack 
Tretpd-o),  try,  attack 

■Kupa-Trjs,  one  who  attacks  (ships),  pirate 
ireLpa-TiKos,  piratical 

{b)   apidyLOs,  number 

apiQix't-w,  nutnber,  count,  reckon 

apidfi-q-TLKos,  arithmetical: dpi0Atr?-n/ci)  (rex^'^),  arithmetic 

Koap-os,  order,  adornment 

Koape-co,  set  in  order,  adorn 

Kocrp-rj-TLKos,  suited  for  adorning,  cosmetic 

(c)   veKpos,  dead;  dead  body,  corpse 
veKpo-co,  deaden 
v€Kpo}-(TLs,  a  deadening,  necrosis 

aK\T]p6s,  hard 

*(jKKr]p6-w,  harden 

(TK\i]poi-(jLS,  a  hardening,  sclerosis 

*(jKKy]poi-TLK6s,  hard,  sclerotic 

vapK-T],  numbness 

vapKo-o},  benumb 

vapKoo-ffLs,  a  benumbing,  narcosis 

vapKcc-TLKos,  narcotic 

.  TTvp,  fire 
TTvpb-oi,  burn 
TTvpco-ais,  burning,  pyrosis 

Tvov,  pus 

TTvo-w,  suppurate 

TTvco-aLs,  suppuration,  pyosis 

It  will  be  observed  from  the  foregoing  illustrations  that  the 
common  ending  -osis  in  medical  terms  comes  from  this  group 
of  words,  that  is,  from  the  nouns  in  -ais  from  verbs  in  -oa>. 


36  EVERYDAY  GREEK 

(d)  <p6,pij.aKov,  drug 

4>app.aKe\)-w,  deal  in  drugs,  administer  a  drug,  poison 
4>apiJ.aK€v-TLK6s,  pharmaceutic 

irats,  iraiS-6s,  child 

TratSeu-co,  bring  up  a  child,  educate 

■waibtv-TLKos,  suited  for  education,  educative,  paedeutic  (pae- 

deutics) 
7rpo-7rat5ei;-rt/c6j,  propaedeutic  (propaedeutics) 

(e)  yvfivos,  naked 

yvfxva^co  {yvjivab),  exercise  naked,  exercise 
yvidLvaa-Tris,  one  who  exercises,  gymnast 
yvfJLvaa-TLKos,  gymnastic  (gymnastics) 
yvixvaa-Lov,  place  for  exercising,  gymnasium 

ij)    ao4>bs,  wise 

aoipl^cj,  ao4>'i^oixaL  ((to4>l8),  act  wise,  pretend  to  be  wise 
ao4>(.<r-Tr]s,  sophist 
aocpLff-TLKos,  sophistic 
a6(f)i<T-{xa,  sophism 

aycjov,  a  contest 
ayoivi^oiiai  (d7coi't5),  contend 
avT-aycovl^ofxaL,  contend  against,  antagonize 
avT-aycovLa-rrjs,  antagonist 
auT-ayoovia-TLKos,  antagonistic 
auT-ayoovLa-fJLOs,  antagonism 

^ap^apos,  barbarian 
^ap^api^o),  barbarize 
^apfiapL(j-p,bs,  barbarism 

"EXXtjv,  a  Greek,  a  Hellene 

'EXXiyj'-iKos,  Greek,  Hellenic 

''EtWriv-l^w,  Hellenize 

'EXXrjj'tcr-riys,  Hellenist  (a  foreigner  who  adopted  the  Greek 

language  and  customs) 
'EXXiji'tcr-rt/cos,  Hellenistic 
'VXKrjVia-iibs,  Hellenism 


FORMATION  OF  WORDS  37 

97.  From  this  group  of  words  we  get  our  English  suflaxes 
-ize,  -ism,  -ist,  -istic.  These  sufl&xes  are  now  added  to  many 
words  which  are  not  Greek.  Thus*  Americanize,  American- 
ism, civilize,  ritualist,  ritualistic. 

Compound  Words 

98.  Most  of  the  English  words  derived  from  Greek  are 
compounds.  This  is  especially  true  of  scientific  terms.  The 
principles  upon  which  Greek  compounds  are  formed  are, 
therefore,  of  especial  importance. 

NOUNS   AND   ADJECTIVES 

99.  Compound  nouns  and  adjectives  are  closely  related  in 
form  and  in  mode  of  formation  and  may  best  be  considered 
together. 

100.  Three  things  must  be  considered  in  treating  of  com- 
pound nouns  and  adjectives: 

I.  The  first  member  of  the  compound ; 

II.  the  second,  or  last,  member  of  the  compound; 

III.  the  meaning  of  the  compound  as  a  whole. 

Most  of  these  compounds  contain  only  two  words,  that  is, 
two  stems.  If  there  are  more  than  two  stems  which  enter  into 
a  compound,  this  arises  from  combining  an  additional  word 
with  a  word  which  is  already  a  compound.  When  three 
words  are  combined  in  a  single  compound  word  one  of  the 
words  is  practically  always  a  preposition,  or  adverbial  prefix. 

I.  The  first  member. — If  this  is  a  noun  or  an  adjective 
the  stem  only  is  used.  If  the  second  member  begins  with  a 
consonant  the  first  member  usually  ends  in  0.  Stems  of  the 
o-declension  are  taken  as  the  norm,  or  pattern,  for  the  first 
member  of  the  compounds.  A  word  of  the  a-declension 
usually  changes  the  final  a  of  the  stem  to  0,  and  stems  of  the 
consonant  declension  regularly  add  an  0. 


/v-?i«-  ifC^i 


38  EVERYDAY  GREEK 

Thus  0  appears  as  a  sort  of  connecting  link  at  the  middle 
of  many  compound  nouns  and  adjectives.  There  are,  how- 
ever, some  exceptions  in  which  a  noun  of  the  <z-declension 
retains  its  final  a,  or  changes  it  to  77. 

If  the  second  member  of  the  compound  begins  with  a 
vowel,  a  vowel  at  the  end  of  the  first  stem  is  usually  dropped. 

II,  Second,  or  last,  member. — If  this  begins  with  a  short 
vowel  it  is  usually  lengthened,  both  a  and  e  becoming  7/,  while 
0  becomes  w. 

The  endings  of  the  second  member,  which  are  the  endings 
of  the  compound  word  as  a  whole,  vary,  but  are  generally  some 
of  the  endings  already  given  above  for  nouns  and  adjectives. 

Compounds  with  a  verb  stem  in  the  second  part  and  with 
the  ending  -oj  are  very  common.  A  verb  stem  is  rarely  used 
in  the  first  part. 

III.  Meaning  of  compound  nouns  and  adjectives. — Com- 
pound nouns  and  adjectives  may  be  divided  into  three  classes 
with  reference  to  their  meanings,  as  follows: 

(a)  Objective  compoimds. — In  these  the  first  member 
stands  in  the  relation  of  object  to  the  second,  either  direct  or 
indirect. 

ffrparo-s,  army;  ayo),  lead 

crTpaT-r]y-6s,  army-leader,  general;  (strategy,  strategic) 

7ed  (7^),  earlh,  land;  7pd0-co,  ivrite,  ivrite  about,  describe 

yecx}-ypa4>-os,  land-describer,  geographer 

aarpo-v,  star;  Xe7-co,  speak,  tell  about 

a(TTpo-\by-o%,  one  ivho  tells  about  the  stars,  astrologer 

{b)  Descriptive  compounds. — In  these  the  first  member 
describes  the  second  and  has  the  force  of  an  adjective,  or 
adverb,  modifying  the  second  member. 

p.i]Tr]p,  ij,r]Tp-6s,  mother;  iroXis,  city 
p.r]Tp-6-Tro\ts,  mother-city,  metropolis 


FORMATION  OF  WORDS  39 

Trj\€,far;  aKe-KTOfxaL  (aKeir),  look,  see,  spy  out 
TrjXe-aKOTT-os,  far-seeing,  far-looker,  telescope 
aiJL(l>L-6eaTpov,  double-theater,  amphitheater 

(c)  Possessive  compounds. — These  are  adjectives.  The 
first  member  modifies  the  second,  and  the  whole  compound 
means  having,  or  possessing,  this  modified  object.  They 
may  be  ilhistrated  by  English  words  like  "bright-eyed," 
having  bright  eyes;  "smooth-barked,"  having  smooili  bark,  etc. 

jjLovo-rovos,  having  a  single  tone,  monotonous 
rpi-Tovs,  Tpl-To8-os,  three-footed,  tripod 
iraxv-5epiJ.-os,  thick-skinned,  pachydermous,  pachyderm 
ofj-o-yev-ris ,  of  the  same  kind,  homogeneous 

COMPOUND   VERBS 

loi.  Verbs  are  not  compounded  directly  with  any  part  of 
speech  except  prepositions.  Verbs  with  prepositions  are  very 
common.  The  preposition  is  simply  placed  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  verb  without  any  change  except  that  before  a 
verb  beginning  with  a  vowel  the  final  vowel  of  a  preposition 
is  usually  omitted.  If  the  verb  begins  with  a  vowel  having 
the  rough  breathing,  the  breathing  combines  with  a  preceding 
surd  mute  and  changes  it  to  the  corresponding  aspirate  mute. 

/SaXXoj  i^aX),  throw: Kara- ^aXXo:,  throw  down  (catabolism) 
xapa-/3aXXaj,  throw  beside,  place  beside,  compare  (parable) 
aipeco,  take: bi-ai pew  (5td+aipeco),  take  apart,  separate 

Compare  English  diaeresis,  di-aipe-aLs 
a(f)-aipkw  (dTro-j-atpea;),  take  away  from  (aphaeresis) 
Xa/x/3dj'a)  (Xa/3,  Xt/jS),  take,  seize 
avX-Xan^avoj  {(Tvv-\-\ap^ava)) ,  take  together 

avX-Xa^-T],  that  part  of  a  word  taken  together,  or  at  one  impulse  in  pro- 
nunciation, a  syllable 
tiTL-Xap^avw,  seize  iipon'.kirl-X-qypL'i,  a  seizing  upon,  a  fit,  epilepsy 


40  EVERYDAY  GREEK 


SECONDARY   COMPOUNDS 


102.  The  classes  of  compounds  described  above  are  what 
may  be  termed  primary  compounds,  those  which  are  formed 
at  first  hand  directly  from  the  constituent  stems.  From  these 
primary  compounds  other  parts  of  speech  may  be  formed  by 
changing  the  suffixes.  These  may  be  called  secondary  com- 
pounds. Thus  from  any  one  of  the  compound  adjectives 
and  agent  nouns  described  above  (see  sections  85,  86)  we  may 
form  an  abstract  noun  which  is  the  name  of  the  quaHty,  or 
process,  expressed  in  the  adjective,  or  agent  noun.  See  sec- 
tion 100,  III,  (a). 

(TTpaT-rjy-os,  general :aTpaT-r]y-ia,  generalship,  strategy 
yeci}-ypd4)-os,  geographer  :7ew-7pa0-ta,  geography 
aarpo-Xoy-os,  SiStrologer:  aarpo-Xoy-la,  astrology 
*^uo-X6y-os,  zoologist  :*fwo-Xo7-ta,  zoology 

In  these  pairs  of  words  the  first  word  in  each  pair  is  a 
primary  compound  and  the  second  a  secondary  compound. 

103.  From  these  compound  nouns  and  adjectives  there  are 
also  formed  denominative  verbs  in  -e'w,  -oco,  -t^co. 

In  classical  Greek  the  denominative  verbs  from  such 
compounds  as  are  given  above  nearly  all  end  in  -eco,  but  in  our 
English  equivalents  we  always  use  the  ending  -ize,  the  same 
as  if  they  ended  in  -tfco  in  Greek. 

aarpo-Xoy-os,  astrologer laarpo-Xoy-kca,  astrologize,  as  if  from  a 
Greek  form  aaTpo-Xoy-i^o: 

Notice  that  we  cannot  compound  the  noun  aarpov  and  the 
verb  Xe7cj  directly  into  aaTpo-Xkyo).  Such  combinations  were 
never  made  by  the  ancient  Greeks.  We  must  first  form  the  inter- 
mediate noun  or  adjective  aarpo-Xby-os  with  the  e  of  the  stem  of 
Xe7co  changed  to  0,  and  then  make  from  this  the  denominative 
xerb  in  -ew,  acTTpo-Xoy-eo}.     This  is  a  secondary  compound.     All 


FORMATION  OF  WORDS  41 

Greek  compound  verbs  in  which  one  part  is  a  noun  stem,  or  an 
adjective  stem,  are  secondary  compounds. 

a<TTpo-v6iJ.-os,  astronomer: d(TTpo-i'o/x-ta,  astronomy 
a(TTpo-vofjL-too,  rare  form  aaTpo-vofi-l^cc,  astronomize 

Note. — The  words  astrology  and  astronomy  were  both  in  use  among  the 
ancient  Greeks  and  meant  substantially  the  same  thing.  They  should  really 
both  be  translated  astronomy.  In  later  times,  however,  the  name  astrology 
came  to  be  used  for  the  pseudo-science  of  telling  the  fortunes  of  men  from  the 
stars,  while  the  name  astronomy  has  been  retained  for  the  true  science  of  the 
stars. 

aarpo-von-os  is  from  acrrpo-v,  star,  and  vkix<j3,  deal  out,  distribule,  arrange, 
manage.  It  probably  meant  originally  one  who  distributes  or  arranges  the 
stars,  that  is,  one  who  studies  their  arrangement  and  tries  to  map  it  out  and 
describe  it. 

104.  Further  examples  of  secondary  compounds: 

vkniji,  distribute,  manage:  oIkos,  house,  estate,  property 
oIko-v6ii-o$,  manager  of  a  house  or  property,  oeconomist 
oiKo-voii-la,  management  of  a  house,  or  an  estate,  thrift,  economy 
oUo-voiJL-eco,  manage  property,  exercise  thrift,  economize 
v8(jop,  water  (stem  in  compounds  generally  v8po-) :  (pepw,  carry 
vbpo-4>op-os,  water-carrier  (hydrophore) 

vbpo-(f)op-kw,  carry  water.  There  is  no  corresponding  verb  in  Eng- 
Hsh.  There  are  many  of  these  secondary  compound  verbs  in 
Greek,  but  relatively  few  of  them  from  which  we  have  corre- 
sponding verbs  in  English,  although  we  have  English  deriva 
tives  from  many  nouns  and  adjectives  from  which  such  verb„ 
are  formed  in  Greek. 


IV.    WORD  GROUPS  FOR  STUDY 

105.  Explain  the  formation  of  these  words  and  their 
relation  to  one  another  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
given  above,  pointing  out  the  stem,  suffixes,  prefixes,  and 
other  elements  which  enter  into  the  formation  of  each.  Give 
the  English  words  derived  from  these  Greek  words,  and 
explain  the  relations  of  form  and  meaning  in  each  instance. 

Use  a  large  English  dictionary  for  getting  Enghsh  deriva- 
tives and  their  meanings.  The  Century  Dictionary  is  best  for 
this  purpose. 

106. 

iJLvdo-s,  story,  legend. 

Xe7-co,  speak,  tell,  tell  about. 

/jLud-LKos,  fivdo-Xoy-os,  iJ.vdo-'Koy-la,  nvdo-Xoy-LKds,  ixvdo-\oy-eoj. 

107. 

txop(j)r],  form,  shape.     iJ.op(j)6-co,  iJ.bp4>ix>-(TLs,  p.op4)oi-TLKbs, 
lxeTa-jiop(^b-(ii,  /xe7a-/x6p(^co-cris,  *iJieTa-jj.opcf)-os,  */i€Ta-/iop</)-tK6s, 
a-nopcji-os,  iro\v-iJ.op(j)-os,  Mop<f)-evs  (morphine). 

108. 

nalvofxai.  {p-av),  rage,  be  mad,  crazy,  be  inspired. 
p,av-ia,  *p.avLa-Kbs,  pav-Tis  {soothsayer,  prophet), 
veKpo-pavrela,  *X'^i-p-o- p-avTeia. 

109. 

ptpos,  imitator,  mime. 

pLp-LKOs,  7ravT-6-pipos,  pLpe-opai,  piprj-aLS,  piprj-TiKbs. 

IIO. 

apdpo-v,  joint;  apdpb-oo,  apdpco-ais,  avv-apdpoi-ais,  di-dpOpoo-ais, 
apdp-iTis. 


I 
WORD  GROUPS  FOR  STUDY  43 

III. 

Tt-^rj-jut  (^e),  put,  place;  Oe-aLs,  de-na(T),  avv-de-ats,  (rvv-de-TLKos, 
avrl-de-CLS,  duTc-de-TiKos,  viro-de-cns,  vro-de-TLKos,  irap-ev-d^-ais, 
*Tap-ev-de-TiK6s,  Sia-de-aLs,  *8La-de-TLK6s,  nera-de-aLS,  eiri-de-TOP, 
e7rt-^T;-^ia(r),  eTri-de-ais,  aTro-6r]-Kr],  ^Ll3\LO-dr]-Kr]. 

112. 

'i(TT7]-fiL  (crTo),  stand,  set;  ara-aLS,  ^eK-ara-ais,  e/c-o-ra-rt/cos, 
ara-TLKOs,  *v8po-(XTa-TLK6s,  airo-aTa-cns,  airo-aTa-Trjs,  <t  v(p)-<7Tr]-iJ.a{T) , 
av-crTr]-fjiar-iK6s,    Vu-arTy-juar-tfo),    Sia-aTa-aLs,     dia-aTa-TLKos,     5id- 

113- 

(TXtfw  (crxtS),  Split;  crxto'-A'aC'''),  crxi-cr-IJiCLT-i.K6s,  axi-cr-Tos,  *axto'r6- 
7Xco(rcros,  *crxio'TO-7XaJcrata,  *(txi-<^'''6-kvtos. 

114. 

7ed  (old  uncontracted  form  of  7^),  earth,  land;  yeoj-y pa(f)-os , 
yew-y pacp-ia,  *y€o)-\6y-os,*yeco-\oy-la,  yew-nerpris,  yeco-perp-ia,  yecc- 
perp-LKOs,  yeoj-5aL-aia  (Sai-co),  *yeoo-8aL-TiK6s,  yecopyos  (for  7ew- 
epyos),  yecopy-ia,  yecopy-LKos. 

115. 

raaaoi}  {ray),  arrange,  station;  raK-TLKos,  raK-TiKa,  avv-ra^is, 
avv-TaK-TiKos. 

116. 

dpx-w,  begin,  take  the  lead,  command,  rule,  govern;  apx-v, 
beginning,  rule,  government;  ap-apx-os,  au-apx-'io.,  tep-dpx-Tys  {Upo-s, 
sacred,  religious),  iep-apx-ia,  Trarpt-dpx-Tjs,  Trarpt-apx-ta  (Trarpta, 
tribe,  clan,  race,  those  descended  from  a  common  father,  Trarrip, 
genitive  xarp-6s) ;  dpxa-tos,  of  the  beginning,  ancient;  apxolov, 
ancient  thing,  antiquity;  apxcua,  archives;  apxaio-Xoy-os,  apxcLo- 
\oy-ia,  dpxa-tfos;  reKTuv  {t€ktov),  carpenter,  builder;  apxi--TeKTO)v, 
a.px<--TeKT0V-LKbs,  apx-ayyeXos,  apx't-rvTrov,  *apxi-P^\o.(XTOs.  This 
verbal  stem  at  the  beginning  of  a  compound  takes  the  forms  dpx-, 
dpxe-,  dpxt-.  Compare  English  arch-bishop,  arche-type,  archi- 
tect. 


44  EVERYDAY  GREEK 

117. 

/SaXXco  (/3aX,  /SXtj),  //^row,  />/flce.  irapa-^akXco,  place  beside, 
compare.  irapa-^oX-l],  comparison,  parable.  vTcep-^aXko),  throw 
beyond  the  mark,  go  to  excess,  exaggerate.  vrep-^oX-r),  exaggeration, 
hyperbole.  7rpo-/3aXXw,  throw  before  one,  propose.  -wpb-fiXri-ixa, 
ivhat  is  thrown  before  one,  a  proposition,  problem.  7rpo-/3Xr/-/xaT- 
LKos,  problematic.  e^/SaXXw,  insert,  inlay.  eii-^X-q-jxa,  thing 
inserted,  or  inlaid,  emBlem.  av/ji-^oX-ov,  symbol.  fxeTa-^aXXo:, 
place  differently,  change,  transpose.  ixera-^oX-r],  change,  transposi- 
tion. /xera-jSoX-i/cos.  metabolic.  *fjieTa-^o\L^w,  *^iera-/3oXio--/x6s, 
metabolism. 

/cara-jSdXXo),  throw  down,  destroy.  Kara-^oK-i],  */cara-/3oX-tK6s, 
catabolic.  *K:ara-/3oXto--/i6s,  catabolism.  Contrasted  terms  are 
anabolic,  anabolism.  -  ^Vi*-*^  >-•*  *-•     ^'•j"' 

118. 

Trao-xco  {irad),  sufer,  feel,  experience,  irados  {irad-es),  feeling, 
suffering,  disease.  iraQ-ri-TLKos,  avfJL-irad-ris,  (jvix-irad-aa,  avix-irad- 
eco,  avfx-Tradrj-TLKOs,  a-Trad-rjs,  a-Trad-eia,  *a-Tad7]-riK6s,  *'!rado-\6y-os, 
*Trado-Xoy-ia,  irado-Xoy-LKos.  Compare  allopathy,  homeopathy, 
osteopathy,  pathogenic,  pathogenetic. 

119. 

(j)aivw  {4>av),  show,  reveal.  4>alv-oixai,  be  shown,  show  itself, 
appear.  (jyaLv-o/jLevov,  that  which  is  shown  or  appears,  phenomenon. 
0d-(Tts,  appearance,  phase,  e/x-^a-crts,  a  showing  in  or  among, 
emphasis,  e^-^ar-t/cos,  (j)ap-€p6s,  visible.  *4>au-ep6-yati-os,  phan- 
erogamous, phanerogam. 

(f)av-Ta^oj  {(j)av-Ta8),  show;  middle  and  passive,  appear,  often 
of  assumed  or  unreal  appearance,  (jiavraa-na,  an  appearance, 
phantasm,  phantom.  (j)av-Taa-ia,  imagination,  fantasy,  fancy. 
4>avTa(T-TLK6s,  fantastic.  *(j)avTaaix-ayopla,  phantasmagory.  5ta- 
(t)av-r]s,  showing  through,  transparent,  diaphanous. 

120. 

wpaaao)  (irpay),  do,  accomplish 

TvpaK-TiKos,  able  to  accomplish,  efficient,  practical 


WORD  GROUPS  FOR  STUDY  45 

irpay-nair),  deed,  thing;  in  the  plural,  affairs,  business 
irpay-fiaT-iKos,  pertaining  to  things  or  affairs,  pragmatic 
xpa^ts  (for  7rpa7-cns),  doing,  practice,  praxis 

From  the  stem  irpay-nar-  we  also  have  in  English  pragmatize,  pragmatism, 
and  pragmatist,  the  Greek  forms  of  which  would  be  irpayixar-l^o},  irpaytxarLa- 
n6%,  wpaytiaTiff-Trjs,  but  these  do  not  occur  in  classical  Greek.  Chiropractic 
would  be  x^'Po-i'paKTtKos,  from  x«ip>  fiond,  and  irpa/criKos. 

121. 

vefici),  deal  out,  distribute,  arrange,  manage;  feed,  pasture,     {vkfioi  and 

its  derivatives  show  a  wide  range  of  meanings  in  Greek) 
ven-e-ais,  a  dealing  out   (of  justice),  divine  retribution,  righteous 

indignation,  nemesis 
aarpo-vofx-os,  one  tvho  studies  the  distribution  of  the  stars,  astronomer 
daTpo-pofx-la,  astronomy 
oLKos,  house,  estate,  property 
oiKo-vbu-os,  manager  of  a  house,  estate,  or  property 
oLKo-vopL-la,  management  of  house  or  property,  good  management . 

thrift,  economy 
oIko-poix-lkos,  fitted  for  management  of  property,   economic;    oko- 

vofjL-LKa,  economics 

From  the  same  stem  we  have  in  English  economize  and  economist 
aypos,  field,  land 

aypo-vofx-os,  land-manager,  superintendent  of  public  lands 
*ay po-vo/x-la,  management  of  land,  agronomy 
*aypo-vop.-iKbs,  ay po-vofx-iKo.,  agronomic,  agronomics 
vbfx-os,  custom,  law 

duTL-vo/JL-ia,  opposition  to  laiv,  antinomy 
vo(x-6s,  pasture,  district,  nome 
vofxas,  voiJ.db-os,  roving  about  for  pasture,  nomad 
vojiab-LKos,  nomadic 

4)'Ckos,  friend,  lover.     (fyiXew,  love.     Prefix  <^tXo-,  loving 
4>CKb'(To4>os,  loving  wisdom  {(jocf)[a),  lover  of  wisdom,  philosopher 
^iko-(jo4>ia,  love  of  wisdom,  philosophy 


46  EVERYDAY  GREEK 

(j)LKo-ao4)-LK6s,  philosophic 

4>L\-6ip6po)iros,  lover  of  mankind,  philanthropist 

4>L\-avdpcc'n-ia,  love  of  mankind,  philanthropy 

*(f)LX-avdpojir-LK6s,  philanthropic 

4)i\6-\oyos  (second  part  from  the  noun  Xoyos,  ivord,  speech,  litera- 
ture), loving  words,  speech,  language  and  literature,  a  lover  of 
words,  language  and  literature,  philologist 

4>L\o-\o'Y-ia,  love  of  language  and  literature,  philology 

Observe  that  this  differs  from  the  other  -ologies  in  the  fact  that  the  second 
part  is  from  the  noun  \6yo%,  not  from  the  verb  X€7co,  and  that  the  verbal  element 
is  in  the  first  part,  <^tXo-  (from  4)i\eoj),  meaning  loving,  equivalent  to  a  participle 
of  which  X6-)os  is  the  object,  loving  speech,  loving  literature. 

If  the  second  part  of  philology  were  directly  from  the  verb  Xeyco  and  had 
a  verbal  force  and  the  first  part  were  the  noun  ^tXos,  friend,  it  would  mean 
science  of  friends,  or  science  of  friendship.     (See  section  87). 

"Philology"  does  not  belong  in  the  group  of  -ologies,  but  in  the  group  of 
words  beginning  with  the  verbal  member  <^tXo-. 

(f)L\o-(j.a6r]s,  loving  learning  {jiados),  fond  of  learning,  philomath 
4)i\-Linros,  fond  of  horses  (ittttos),  Philipp,  Phillip 
4)L\6-dr]fxos,  loving  the  people  (drjuos),  philodemic 

On  the  same  model  we  have  philharmonic,  fond  of  harmony  or 

music 

123.  To  the  group  of  words  beginning  with  philo-  corre- 
sponds a  group  beginning  with  miso-,  hating, 
fuaos,  TO,  hatred,     ixiakw,  Irate 

lxL(T-a.vdpoiTros,  hating  mankind,  hater  of  mankind,  misanthropic,  mis- 
anthrope 
fxLa-avdpcoTria,  hatred  of  mankind,  misanthropy 
IxLao-yvvrjs  (yvvr),  woman),  woman-hater ,  misogynist 
jjiLdb-'Yvvos,  hating  women,  misogynous 
lj.Lao-yvvia,  hatred  of  women,  misogyny 

124. 

Xeyco,  say,  speak,  tell,  tell  about 

Oeos,  a  god,  God 

deo-Xoy-os,  one  who  speaks  about  God,  theologian 


WORD  GROUPS  FOR  STUDY  47 

9eo-\oy-ia,  speaking  about  the  gods,  or  God;    the  science  of  divine 

things,  theology 
deo-Xoy-LKos,  theological 

aaTpo-\6y-os,  one  who  tells  about  the  stars,  astronomer,  astrologer 
aarpo-Xoy-la,  the  science  of  the  stars,  astronomy,  astrology 
aarpo-Xoy-LKos,  astronomical,  astrological 

jivdos,  story,  legend,  myth 

IJLv9o-X6y-os,  story-teller;   one  who  tells  about  the  myths,  mythologist 
lxv9o-Xoy-ia,  story-telling,  mythology 

fjLvdo-Xoy-LKos,  good  at  telling  stories.  English  derivative  mytho- 
logical, with  a  different  shade  of  meaning 

(fyvaLS,  nature 

(j)vat.-o-X6y-os,  one  who  tells  about  nature,  a  natural  philosopher 

(j)V(TL-o-Xoy-la,  natural  philosophy.     English  derivative  physiology 

(f)v<n-o-Xoy-LK6s,  physiological 

(^vai-o-Xoy-kw,  discourse  about  nature,  tell  about  natural  phenomena. 
The  corresponding  English  verb  is  physiologize,  as  if  from 
4>vaLoXoyl^oi.  The  English  derivatives  of  this  group  have  a 
much  more  restricted  meaning  than  the  corresponding  Greek 
words.     See  next  section. 

125.  The  words  given  in  section  124  are  all  found  in 
ancient  Greek  authors  and  are  interesting  and  important  as 
furnishing  models  for  the  modern  names  of  sciences  ending 
in  -ology.  Other  words  of  this  form  occur  in  ancient  writers, 
but  these  four  groups  will  serve  our  purpose  here. 

The  meanings  of  these  words  at  first  were  not  so  technical 
and  specialized  as  these  and  similar  words  have  now  become. 
For  example,  nvdoXoyos  was  simply  a  story-teller,  and  fxvOo- 
Xoyia,  the  act  or  process  of  telling  stories,  not  mythology  in  the 
modern  sense  of  that  term — the  whole  body  of  myths,  or  the 
scientific  study  of  the  myths.  Theology  was  probably  the 
first  of  these  words  to  take  a  sense  somewhat  like  that  which 


48  EVERYDAY  GREEK 

the  word  has  today.  Astrology  was  used  as  a  synonym  for 
astronomy  and  may  be  considered  the  name  of  the  science 
such  as  it  was  in  those  times.  Physiology  was  used  to  signify 
natural  science  in  general,  not  in  the  very  restricted  sense  in 
which  we  use  the  term  now. 

From  the  time  of  Aristotle,  however,  these  words  ending  in 
■\oyla  came  to  be  regarded  more  and  more  as  names  of  sci- 
ences, or  systematic  bodies  of  knowledge. 

Many  of  the  modern  sciences  with  names  ending  in  -ology 
were  entirely  unknown  to  the  ancients,  but  the  names  we  have 
given  them  are  formed  on  the  analogy  of  the  similar  names  in 
use  in  ancient  times  and  would  have  been  understood  by  an 
ancient  Greek. 

126.  If  we  take  as  a  model  the  words  already  given,  all  we 
have  to  do  to  form  similar  names  for  other  sciences  is  to  change 
the  first  part  of  the  word,  to  substitute  the  stem  of  some  other 
noun  in  the  first  part  of  the  compound.  In  each  instance  we 
may  have  in  English  as  in  Greek  a  group  of  four  words — an 
abstract  noun  as  name  of  the  science,  an  agent  noun  as  name 
of  the  person  who  studies  the  science,  a  verb,  and  an  adjective. 
In  the  evolution  of  these  terms  in  Greek,  however,  the  name  of 
the  person  or  agent  came  first,  and  the  abstract  name  of  the 
science  was  derived  from  this.  Now  we  think  of  the  name  of 
the  science  first  and  derive  the  other  terms  from  this. 

In  English  the  name  of  the  science  ends  in^  instead  of  the 
Greek  and  Latin  -4^,  and^lhe  verb  ends  in  4zt~,  while  in  Greek 
it  ends  in  -e'coi  This  difference  is  necessary  since  -ize,  Greek 
-tf  CO,  is  the  only  ending  of  a  Greek  verb  takei;i  over  into  English, 
and  so,  whatever  the  ending  of  the  verb  may  be  in  Greek,  if 
we  use  a  corresponding  verb  in  English  it  must  end  in  -ize 
just  the  same  as  if  the  Greek  verb  ended  in  -ifco,  as  it  sometimes 
does,  though  not  in  this  group  of  words.     From  Greek  verbs 


WORD  GROUPS  FOR  STUDY  49 

in  -ifw  are  formed  agent  nouns  in  -Lo-Trjs  which  is  the  source  of 
our  English  ending  -ist.  The  name  of  the  agent,  or  scientist, 
therefore,  regularly  ends  in  -ist  in  English,  occasionally  in 
-er,  while  in  Greek  it  ends  in  -os. 

127.  The  following  examples  will  serve  as  illustrations: 

acTTpo-Xoy-os,  astrologer  *7ecj-X67-oj,  geologist 

aaTpo-Xoy-la,  astrology  *7€co-Xo7-ta,  geology 

aarpo-Xoy-LKos,  astrological  *yeo:-\oy-LK6s,  geological 

acTTpo-Xoy-eoj,  astrologize  *7€co-Xo7-eaj,  geologize 

The  following  are  given  in  English  form  only  and  in  the 
English  order: 

Biology,  biologist,  biological,  (biologize) 
Zoology,  zoologist,  zoological,  (zoologize) 
Physiology,  physiologist,  physiological,  physiologize 
Psychology,  psychologist,  psychological,  psychologize 

The  verb  in  this  class  of  words  is  not  very  common  in 
English.  In  many  cases  it  is  not  in  use  at  all.  "Zoologize" 
is  not  given  in  the  Century  Dictionary.  "Biologize"  is  rare 
and  used  in  the  sense  of  mesmerize.  "Physiologize"  is  used 
chiefly  in  the  old  Greek  sense  of  speculate  concerning  nature. 

128.  All  the  additional  knowledge  needed  for  other  words 
of  this  type  is  to  know  what  the  first  part  of  the  compound 
comes  from.  Following  is  a  list  of  nouns  so  used.  Give  the 
group  of  English  words  derived  from  each  of  these  correspond- 
ing to  the  groups  given  above. 

avdpwTTos,    man,    mankind  bkvbpov,  tree 

atnov,  cause  KoyxVi  shell-fish,  shell 

\}/vxh,  soul,  mind  ixdv-s,fish 

iw    IcTTos,  web,  tissue  opvis,  opvid-os,  bird 

vevpov,  sinew,  nerve  ip.^pvo-v,  foetus,  embryo 


50  EVERYDAY  GREEK 

»  TeXos,  reXe-os,  end,  purpose  according    to    its    origin;  also 

j3aKTripL0-v,    a   little   staff,    bac-  root  of  a  word 

terium  ovs,  6}t-6s,  ear 

irado^,    the    way    a    person    is  pis,  piv-bs,  nose 

a.fiected,  feeling,  suffering,  dis-  6(i)0aKp.bs,  eye 

ease  jwi],  yvvacK-os,  woman 

eTVfjLos,   trueineut.    'irvixov,   true  aeiafxos,  earthquake 

literal    meaning    of    a    tvord 

129.  From  Xeyco,  say,  speak,  come  also  the  following  words: 
\6yos,  ivord,  speech,  reason,  proportion,  prose 
\oyo-ypa4>-os,  speech-writer,  prose-writer,  logographer 
\oyo-ypa4>'i.a,  speech-writing,  .prose-writing,  logography 
Xoy-LKos,  reasonable,  rational,  logical 
Xoy-tKri,  logic 

ava-\oyos,  according  to  a  fixed  proportion,  proportional,  analogous 
Xe^ts  (for  \ey-ais),  a  speaking,  speech,  word 
Xe^L-Kov  (j3Ll3Xiov),  word-book,  lexicon 
dta-Xey-opai,  converse 
Sia-XeK-TLKos,  conversational,  dialectic 
8La-XeK-Tos,  conversation,  style  of  speaking,  dialect 
dia-Xoyos,  conversation,  dialogue 
irpb-Xoyos,  fore-word,  prologue 
kivi-Xoyos,  after-speech,  epilogue 
tii-Xoy-'ia,  well-speaking,  praise,  eulogy;    we  also  have  eulogize, 

eulogist,  and  eulogistic 

130. 

Xiyw,  pick,  gather 

h-XeK-TLKos,  inclined  to  pick  out  or  select,  eclectic 
auX-Xeyoo  {avv-\-Xeyco),  gather  together,  collect 
avX-Xoy-i],  a  collection  (of  poems,  etc.),  sylloge 
€K-Xoy-r],  a  picking  out,  selection,  eclogue 

131. 

KpaTos,  TO,  might,  power,  rulcKparkw,  exercise  power,  rule 
Bfjpos,  people,  common  people 


WORD  GROUPS  FOR  STUDY  51 

uqixo-Kpar-ia,  rule  by  the  people,  democracy 

drjuo-KpaT-LKos,  democratic;  as  a  noun,  democrat 

In  the  same  way  we  have  from  apLaros,  best,  aristocracy,  aristocratic, 

and  aristocrat 
From  avTos,  self,  we  get  autocracy,  autocratic,  and  autocrat 
From  TrXoOros,  ivealth,  we  get  plutocracy,  plutocratic,  and  plutocrat 
From  oxKos,  crowd,  mob,  we  get  ochlocracy,  etc.     I  once  heard  a  dis- 
tinguished scholar  use  very  effectively  the  expressive  word 
cleptocratic,  from  KkkivT-qs,  thief,  although   "cleptocratic"  is 
not  in  the  English  dictionary. 

132. 

SoKeco  (5ok),  think,  seem,  seem  good,  seem  best 
boy -p.a{T)'^  what  seems  best,  one's  opinion  or  conviction  of  what  is 
right  and  good,  dogma 

The  dogma  of  a  governing  body  in  state  or  church  is  its  decree.  A  law, 
ordinance  or  decree  passed  by  the  Athenian  assembly  began  regularly  with  the 
words  eSo^e  rg  /3ouXg  kolI  tc3  5r)iJ,oj,  "It  seemed  best  to  the  senate  and  the  popular 
assembly,"  equivalent  to  our  enacting  clause:  "Be  it  enacted  by  the  senate  and 
general  assembly."  The  decree  itself  was  called  a  56yna — what  seemed  best 
to  the  governing  body. 

86^a,  opinion,  reputation,  honor,  glory 

8o^o-\oy-la,  the  expression  bf  glory  to  God,  doxology,  as  in  the  well- 
known  doxology:  "Glory  {oo^a)  be  to  the  Father,  to  the  Son, 
and  to  the  Holy  Ghost"  ■ 

irapa-do^os,  contrary  to  opinion  or  expectation,  paradoxical;  as  a 
noun,  paradox 

opdos,  upright,  straight,  right 

bpdo-bo^os,  having  right  opinion,  orthodox 

erepos,  other  (of  two),  difcrent,  wrong 

eTepo-So^os,  of  other  opinion,  of  wrong  opinion,  heterodox 

opdo-do^ia,  orthodoxy.     tTepo-bo^la,  heterodoxy 

133. 

d7co  (0,7,  reduplicated  stem  ay  ay),  lead 

by]iJ.-ay(jiy-bs,  leader  of  the  people  (generally  in  a  bad  sense,  one  who 
misleads  the  people),  demagogue. 


52  EVERYDAY  GREEK 

d-qn-ayo^y-la,  demagogy 

5r]n-aycoy-LK6s,  demagogical 

TraTs,  7rai5-6s,  child,  boy 

TaiS-aycoy-oi,  boy-leader,  pedkgogue 

Taid-aycoy-ia,  pedagogy 

7rat5-a7a)7-iK6s,  pedagogical 

arpaTos,  army 

arpar-rjy-ds,  army-leader,  general 

arpaT-riy-ia,  generalship,  strategy 

a-Tpar-rjy-LKos,  strategic  '     ' 

(XTpaT-7]y-eoi},  be  a  general 

aTpaT-T]yr]-/xa,  an  act  of  generalship,  stratagem 

134.  uScop,  vbar-os  (stem  in  compounds  takes  the  form 
vbpo-  before  consonants,  vbp-  before  vowels),  water. 

avXSs,  pipe 

u8p-av\-iK6s,  pertaining  to  water-pipes,  hydraulic 

Note. — aiiX6s  is  a  pipe  in  the  sense  of  a  musical  instrument.  The  term 
"hydraulic"  has  probably  come  into  scientific  language  from  the  Greek  vSpavXis, 
a  sort  of  musical  instrument  with  pipes  made  to  sound  by  means  of  moving 
water,  a  water  organ,  also  called  vSpavXiKdv  6pyavov.  It  was  invented  by 
Ctesibius,  a  Greek  who  lived  at  Alexandria  in  Egypt.     See  Athenaeus  174. 

'iarripL  (ara),  set,  stand 

*u8po-aTa-TiK6s,  having  to  do  with  the  standing  of  water,  hydrostatic, 

hydrostatics 
4>o^kopaL,  fear 

v8po-(f)6^-os,  water-f ear ing:v8po-(t>o^-la,  fear  of  water,  hydrophobia 
v8pa,  a  water-snake,  hydra 

In  Greek  mythology  the  Lernaean  Hydra  was  a  monster  with  nine  heads, 
each  of  which  when  cut  ofif  was  replaced  by  two.  The  monster  was  slain  by 
Hercules,  who  cut  off  the  heads  and  cauterized  the  wounds  so  that  they  could 
not  sprout  new  heads. 

The  stem  vdp-  with  the  ending  -ant,  of  Latin  origin,  gives 
hydrant.     With  the  suflfix  -ate  we  get  hydrate. 


WORD  GROUPS  FOR  STUDY  53 

There  is  a  very  large  number  of  technical  and  scientific 
terms  beginning  with  hydro-,  or  hydr-.  They  can  be  found 
in  any  large  English  dictionary. 

135. 

€p5co  (epy),  work 

ev-epy-ris,  at  work,  active 

kv-kpy-aa,  activity,  energy 

kv-epj-kw,  be  at  work,  be  active 

h-epjrj-TLKos,  able  to  be  at  work,  inclined  to  work,  energetic 

fj-eraXKov,  a  mine;  later,  a  metal 

IxeToXkovpyos  {p-eTaWo-epyos),  mine-worker,  metal-worker 

peraWovpy-La,  mine-working,  metal-working,  metallurgy 

X^Lpovpyos  (x€tp-o-ep7-6s),  hand-worker,  surgeon 

xeLpovpy-la,  hand-work,  surgery,  cliirurgery 

xeipovpy-LKos,  surgical,  chirurgical 

a-epy-bs,  contracted  form  apyos,  not  working,  idle;  hence  argon 

6py-avov,  thing  to  work  with,  tool,  instrument,  organ 

From  the  word  organ  with  the  usual  sufiixes  we  form  organic, 
organize,  organism,  organist 

Note. — The  word  opyavov  had  in  Greek  about  the  same  range  of  meanings 
as  its  English  derivative  organ.  The  musical  instrument  called  a  water-pipe 
organ,  vSpavKiKov  opyavov,  has  already  been  referred  to  above  (see  section  134, 
note).  From  this  in  course  of  time  was  evolved  the  church  organ.  The  word 
was  also  used  by  the  ancients  for  an  organ  of  the  body,  such  as  the  eye. 

epyov,  work;  (ergograph) 

136.  Changes  in  the  meaning  of  words. — It  must  have 
been  observed  already  by  the  student  of  this  book  that  in 
many  of  the  English  words  derived  from  Greek  the  meaning 
of  the  English  word  corresponds  only  in  part  to  that  of  the 
Greek  word  from  which  it  is  derived,  and  that  sometimes  the 
connection  is  rather  remote.  The  meaning  of  words  changes 
with  their  use  and  with  changing  ideas  and  processes.  The 
history  of  words  and  their  changes  in  meaning  and  application 


54  EVERYDAY  GREEK 

is,  to  a  large  extent,  a  history  of  civilization,  of  the  intellectual 
and  moral  development  of  the  people  who  used  these  words. 

There  are  various  ways  in  which  the  meanings  of  words 
change.  Sometimes  the  meaning  is  generalized  and  becomes 
broader;  sometimes  it  is  specialized  and  restricted  to  a  part 
of  what  it  originally  covered.  New  ideas  are  usually  expressed 
by  using  old  words  in  a  new  sense.  Often  the  name  is  given 
to  a  new  discovery  in  a  more  or  less  arbitrary  way.  If  the 
name  is  made  from  a  Greek  word,  or  from  two  or  more  Greek 
words,  the  namer  tries  to  use  Greek  words  which  express  some- 
thing more  or  less  characteristic  of  the  thing  he  is  naming. 
Sometimes  the  name  is  based  upon  a  misapprehension  or 
false  conception,  and  while  the  name  sticks  the  etymological 
meaning  becomes  inappropriate  when  the  facts  are  better 
understood.  The  word,  however,  serves  its  purpose  by  taking 
on  a  new  meaning. 

The  EngHsh  words  of  Greek  origin  may  be  divided  his- 
torically into  two  classes. 

The  first  class  includes  those  words  which  were  used  by  the 
ancient  Greeks  themselves  in  approximately  the  same  sense 
in  which  we  now  use  them,  and  which  have  been  in  use  more 
or  less  continuously  by  scholars  from  ancient  times  to  the 
present.  These  constitute  the  basis  of  all  our  Greek  terms 
in  English,  and  furnish  the  models  upon  which  the  later  scien- 
tific and  philosophical  terms  have  been  formed.  The  words 
of  this  first  class  have  come  into  our  language  along  with  the 
ideas  which  they  express,  both  the  thing  designated  and  its 
name  being  of  Greek  origin.  Such  words  are  poetry,  drama, 
epic,  theater,  history,  philosophy,  theology,  mythology, 
astronomy,  mathematics,  politics,  democracy,  physics,  geome- 
try, organ,  energy,  analysis,  synthesis,  and  many  others. 
These  words,  too,  have  changed  in  meaning  with  increasing 


WORD  GROUPS  FOR  STUDY  55 

knowledge  and  changing  ideas,  but  the  change  has  been  a 
gradual  growth. 

The  second  cla^s  consists  of  words  introduced  in  modern 
times  as  names  of  new  inventions  and  discoveries,  or  new  ideas 
of  any  kind  which  required  new  names.  Examples  of  such 
words  are  telegraph,  telephone,  photograph,  protoplasm, 
phagocyte,  microbe,  and  indeed  most  of  our  modern  scientific 
lerms  of  G/eek  origin. 

Etymologically  physics  and  physiology,  both  of  which  are 
derived  from  the  Greek  word  <{)vaLs,  nature,  mean  the  same 
thing,  science  of  nature,  or  natural  science  in  general.  Both 
these  words  were  used  in  this  general  sense  by  Aristotle  and 
other  ancient  Greek  writers,  and  apparently  without  any  dis- 
tinction in  meaning.  Each  of  these  terms  has  now  become 
restricted  to  a  special  division  of  natural  science. 

On  the  other  hand  economy,  which  originally  meant  the 
management  of  a  house  and  its  belongings,  has  been  broadened 
out  to  include  much  more.  It  had  acquired  much  of  this 
broader  meaning  already  in  ancient  times.  The  same  may  be 
said  of  the  related  words,  "economic,"  "economics,"  and 
"economical." 

Geometry  was  at  first  merely  the  measurement  of  land, 
but  it  came  very  early  to  have  a  much  broader  meaning  and 
application. 

On  the  whole,  however,  the  instances  in  which  a  word  has 
been  restricted  in  its  meaning  to  a  part  of  the  ground  originally 
covered  by  it  are  much  more  numerous  than  those  in  which  it 
has  become  more  general  in  its  meaning,  and  this  is  especially 
true  of  scientific  terms. 

In  modern  scientific  terms  Greek  words  are  often  used  in  a 
specialized  technical  sense  which  was  entirely  unknown  to  the 
ancient  Greeks.     Thus  the  Greek  word  kvtos  which  meant  a 


56  EVERYDAY  GREEK 

bowl,  vase,  or  jar,  or  anything  shaped  like  them,  has  been 
adopted  in  modern  science  to  designate  a  cell,  a  thing  of  which 
the  ancient  scientists  had  no  knowledge.  The  word  vevpov 
used  in  scientific  language  to  designate  nerve  had  the  meaning 
sinew  or  tendon  in  ancient  Greek.  It  was  first  used  in  the 
modern  sense  of  nerve  by  the  physician  Galen  in  the  second 
century  after  Christ.  The  Greek  word  r]keKTpov  meaning 
amber,  or  an  amber-colored  metal,  is  used  in  modern  science 
to  designate  electricity.  Many  other  similar  illustrations 
might  be  given  but  these  will  be  sufificient  here.  There  are 
naturally  no  words  for  things  hitherto  unknown  and  the  best 
that  can  be  done  in  making  a  new  name  for  a  new  discovery 
is  to  take  an  old  word  which  designated  something  partially 
like  the  new  idea  and  give  this  old  word  a  changed  meaning. 

137.  The  older  generation  of  scientists  were,  for  the  most 
part,  also  Greek  scholars  and  made  their  scientific  terms  con- 
form in  the  main  to  the  genius  and  rules  of  the  Greek  language. 
In  recent  years  with  the  rapid  growth  of  scientific  discovery 
and  with  intense  specialization  there  has  come  into  use  a 
flood  of  new  scientific  terms  formed  from  Greek  words,  and  it 
was  inevitable  that  some  of  these  should  be  clumsily  formed 
and  impossible  of  explanation  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
and  usages  of  the  Greek  language.  Still  it  is  true  of  these 
words  that  they  may  be  understood  and  remembered  much 
better  by  knowing  the  Greek  words  from  which  they  are 
formed. 

138.  Scientific  terms  are  now  so  numerous  and  for  the 
most  part  so  highly  technical  that  they  cannot  to  any  con- 
siderable extent  be  included  in  a  manual  Uke  the  present  one, 
but  each  student  must  specialize  upon  those  which  he  needs 
for  his  own  special  field  of  study.  The  general  knowledge 
given  in  this  handbook  should  assist  him  greatly  in  learning 


WORD  GROUPS  FOR  STUDY  57 

the  derivation  and  meaning  of  the  special  terms  belonging  to 
his  own  specialty. 

139.  Attention  may  here  be  called  to  a  class  of  words 
spoken  of  by  etymologists  as  corruptions.  When  a  word  of 
classical  origin  came  to  be  used  not  merely  by  scholars  and 
educated  people,  but  also  by  the  illiterate  masses,  changes 
were  brought  about  by  mistaken  or  careless  pronunciation,  and 
a  word  might  change  little  by  httle  untU  its  original  source 
could  scarcely  be  recognized.  In  such  cases  we  .can  usually 
find  intermediate  forms  preserved  in  books  of  different  dates 
and  places  by  means  of  which  the  later  corrupted  form  can 
be  traced  back  to  its  original  source. 

Examples  of  such  words  are,  bishop,  from  the  Greek  eirl- 
ffKOTT-os,  overseer;  devil,  from  the  Greek  5td/3oXos;  surgeon, 
from  the  Greek  x^i-povpyos;  priest,  from  irpea-^uTepos.  The 
intermediate  forms  may  be  seen  in  any  large  English  dictionary 
under  the  English  words. 

140.  Metaphysics,  nera  (j)V(nKa,  after  physics.  This  term 
was  first  applied  in  Roman  times  to  a  group  of  treatises  which 
came  after  the  Physics  {ixeTa  ^ucn/cd)  in  the  collected  works  of 
Aristotle.  Later  the  origin  of  the  title  was  forgotten  and  it 
was  supposed  to  describe  the  subject-matter  of  these  treatises. 
From  Aristotle's  works  the  term  was  transferred  to  other  dis- 
cussions of  a  similar  character  and  finally  became  the  name 
for  a  branch  of  philosophy.  Aristotle  did  not  give  this  name 
to  his  work,  and  the  term  has  no  special  significance  except  as 
it  acquired  it  in  later  times. 

141.  Following  are  a  few  groups  of  English  words  of  Greek 
derivation  arranged  so  far  as  practicable  by  departments  of 
thought  and  endeavor.  None  of  the  groups  is  complete, 
and  some  of  the  words  might  with  equal  reason  be  placed  in 
other  groups.     The  first  word  in  each  group  will  be  suggestive 


58 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


of  the  nature  of  the  group.  The  plan  has  been  to  get  typical 
words  in  each  group  and  to  present  both  some  common  words 
and  some  highly  technical  terms. 

The  student  should  use  these  words  as  material  for  prac- 
tice in  tracing  derivations.  It  is  hoped  that  with  the  help 
of  the  principles  and  illustrations  already  given  he  may  be 
able  to  think  out  many  of  these  derivations  without  looking  up 
the  words  in  a  dictionary.  After  trying  what  he  can  do 
unaided  he  may  resort  to  the  index  and  vocabulary  at  the 
■^nd  of  this  book,  and  finally  to  some  large  English  dictionary. 
The  Century  Dictionary  is  one  of  the  best  for  words  of  Greek 
origin. 

Additional  words  for  study  may  be  found  in  the  index. 


I.  gymnastics 

doxology 

patriot 

gymnasium 

organ 

hero 

athlete 

metronome 

cosmopolitan 

athletic 

monopoly 

acrobat 

3.  politics 

emporium 

trophy' 

policy 

epoch 

political 

ostracize 

2.  music 

economic 

melody 

ethnic 

4.  mathematics 

harmony 

aristocracy 

arithmetic 

tone 

autocracy 

geometry 

tune 

oligarchy 

trigonometry 

monotone 

monarchy 

analytics 

meter 

tyranny 

cone 

chorus 

despotism 

cube 

chord 

dynasty 

sphere 

symphony 

democracy 

cylinder 

antiphony 

democratic 

prism 

anthem 

plutocracy 

pentagon 

psalm 

anarchy 

polygon 

WORD  GROUPS  FOR  STUDY 


59 


diameter 

taxonomy 

hypnotic 

perimeter 

protoplasm 

ergograph 

diagonal 

cytoplasm 

base 

stigma 

8.  zoology 

center 

anther 

ichthyology 

hypotenuse 

petal    ' 

ornithology 

parallel 

calyx 

.embryology 

diagram 

cryptogam 

ehtomole^^' 

>  pi-oblem 

phanerogam 

protozoon 

axiom 

spore 

metaboHsm 

theorem 

endogen 

xiphoid 

scholium 

exogen 

azygos 

angiosperm 

entomostraca 

5.  physics 

gymnosperm 

malacostraca 

dynamics 

chlorophyl 

aptera 

mechanics 

perianth 

diptera 

optics 

parasite 

ctenophora 

acoustics 

epiphyte 

coelenterata 

hydraulics 

geotropism 

arthropoda 

hydrostatics 

heliotropism 

xiphosura 

eccentric 

notochord 

electric 

7.  philosophy 

coelomata 

elastic 

psychology 

chaetognatha 

telegraph 

psychic 

telegram 

logic 

9.  poetry 

telephone 

ethics 

poet 

pneumatic 

stoic 

poem 

electrolysis 

skeptic 

epic 

magnetic 

pragmatic 

lyric 

thermodynam- 

scholastic 

drama 

ics 

category 

dramatic 

stereopticon 

idea 

tragedy 

ideal 

tragic 

6.  botany 

idealism 

comedy 

ecology 

h)T)nosis 

comic 

6o 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


bucolic 

elegy 

epigram 

idyl 

theater" 

scene 

melodrama 

proiogue' 

episode 

epilogue 

rhythm 

ode 

threnody 

strophe 

antistrophe 

dactyl 

anapest 

lo.  rhetoric 
theme 
thesis 
topic 
epitome 
apothegm 
emphasis 
apostrophe 
metaphor 
trope 
phrase 
paraphrase 
paragraph 
parenthetic 
period 
graphic 
laconic 


II. 


idiom 

eleemosynary 

dialogue 

apostasy 

apology 

prophet 

comma 

liturgy 

colon 

anthropomor- 

hyphen 

phism 

dieresis 

theism 

synonym 

atheism 

anonymous 

pantheism 

pseudonym 

mystic 

sarcasm 

idol 

idolatry 

ecclesiastic 

theology 

Catholic 

theosophy 

Presbyterian 

cemetery 

Methodist 

epitaph 

Episcopalian 

cenotaph 

Christ 

angel 

apostle 

hierarchy 

evangelist 

demon 

bishop 

devil 

presbyter 

deacon 

12.  physician 

cathedral 

anatomy 

diocese 

physiology 

synagogue 

neurology 

ascetic 

hygiene 

hermit  (eremite) 

anodyne 

priest 

epidermis 

monk 

hypodermic 

heresy 

symptom 

heretic 

diet 

agnostic 

nausea 

schism 

chronic 

alms 

anesthetic 

WORD  GROUPS  FOR  STUDY 


6i 


anaemia 

phagocyte 

clinic 

epidemic 

(should  be 

sphygmograph 

osmosis 

cytophag) 

hemorrhage 

ptomaine 

sepsis 

neurosis 

antitoxin 

antiseptic 

neurotic 

therapeutic 

symphysis 

neuritis 

pediatry 

synarthrosis 

neurocyte 

prophylaxis 

synchondrosis 

neuriatry 

atrophy 

cyst 

cystectomy 

hypertrophy 

myelocyst 

chondroid 

microbe 

poliomyelitis 

h3TDOchondriac 

bacteria 

gastritis 

psychiatry 

cytogenesis 

pericardium 

cytoblast 

peritoneum 

142.  The  following  list  contains  some  names  of  men  and 
women.     Look  up  the  Greek  words  in  the  vocabulary. 

Alexander,  from  dXe^o?  and  avfip 

Bernice,  BepevlKr]=^epeviKr],  from  0epco  and  vUri 

Catharine,  or  Catherine,  from  Kadapos 

Christopher,  XpLaTo4>6pos,  XpLaros,  (ftepu 

Cora,  from  Kop-q,  Kopa 

Dorothea,  Dorothy,  from  Scopov  and  9e6s 

Eugene,  'Ev'yevrjs,  from  ev  and  yiyvofxaL  {ytv) 

Eunice,  from  ev  and  vUi] 

George,  Tewpyios,  from  yecopyos 

Georgia,  Teo^pyia,  feminine  of  rea;p7tos 

Helen,  'EXevrj,  a  prominent  character  in  the  Homeric  poems 

Homer,  "Ofx-npos,  reputed  author  of  the  Iliad  and  the  Odyssey 

Ida,  "157?  and  "Ida,  tSr]  and  Ua 

Irene,  from  eipr]vr] 

Iris,  'Ipts,  iptj 

Leon,  Xewv 

Margaret,  tiapyaplrri^ 


62  EVERYDAY  GREEK 

Melissa,  /xeXtcrcra 

Myron,  Mvpuv,  name  of  a  famous  Greek  sculptor 

Nicholas,  NuoXaos,  from  vIkt]  and  Xdos 

Peter,  irerpos 

Phoebe,  Phebe,  from  0oT/3o$,  feminine  (pollSr] 

Philip,  Phillip,  (}>1\lttos,  from  ^iXos  and  tTTTros 

Phyllis,  from  (pvWov 

Sophia,  ao4>la 

Stephen,  Steven,  from  aTk4>avos 

Theodore,  from  debs  and  bwpov 

Theophilus,  from  0e6s  and  (/)tXo5 


V.  VOCABULARY 

143.  In  this  vocabulary  if  the  stem  of  a  verb  is  not  obvious 
it  is  added  in  parentheses  after  the  verb.  Greek  words  in 
parentheses  after  other  words  in  the  vocabulary  are  intended 
to  suggest  the  derivation  of  the  Greek  word  which  they  follow. 
These  words  in  parentheses  may  be  found  defined  in  their 
proper  places  in  the  vocabulary. 

Not  all  the  meanings  of  the  Greek  words  are  given  in  this 
vocabulary,  but  only  those  meanings  which  are  helpful  in 
tracing  the  derivation  of  English  words.  Quite  often  it  is 
the  rarer  meaning  of  a  Greek  word  which  appears  in  its  Eng- 
lish derivative;  especially  so  in  scientific  terms. 

The  meanings  are  given  in  such  an  order  as  to  lead  up  to  the 
meanings  of  the  English  derivatives.  Very  often  none  of  the 
meanings  of  the  Greek  word  are  exactly  the  same  as  that  of 
its  English  derivative,  or  derivatives,  and  the  meanings 
given  for  Greek  words  in  this  vocabulary  must  not  be  taken 
as  definitions  of  the  English  derivative  which  is  usually  given 
at  the  end  of  the  list  of  meanings.  To  get  the  exact  signifi- 
cance of  the  English  word  as  used  at  the  present  time  the 
English  dictionary  should  be  consulted.  In  the  case  of 
medical  and  other  scientific  terms  a  special  dictionary,  such 
as  Stedman's  Medical  Dictionary,  may  be  consulted. 

A  a-ypcioa-TiKos     (yLyvcocTKO}):     un- 

a-  before  consonants,  av-  before  o.^^^  to  know,  agnostic. 

vowels.     Negative  prefix  like  *a'Ypo-von-'La:     management    of 

un-  in  English:  not,  without.  land,  agronomy. 

0,776101':    vessel,  vase,  jar.  aypo-po/i-os:    manager  of  land, 

ayyeXos :  messenger,  angel.  superintendent  of  lands. 

63 


64 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


aypos:  field,  land,  country. 
ayoi    (ay,    ayay,    reduplicated 

stem):  lead, 
ayoiv:  contest,  trial. 
aycovLa:  struggle,  anguish,  agony. 
dTconf ojuai    (d7wvt5) :     contend, 

struggle. 
adeXcpos,  d5eX(/)i7:    brother,  sister, 
a-^vyos  i^vyov) :  without  a  yoke, 

unyoked. 

a-qp,  gen.  dep-os:  air. 

ad'Xkco:    contend  for  a  prize  in 

feats   of   strength   and   skill, 

especially  in  the  public  games. 

adXri-Trjs:  contestant  in  the  games y 

athlete. 
ad\ov:   prize  in  the  games. 
aldr]p:  the  clear  upper  air,  aether. 
alp.a,  gen.  a'iiia.r-os'.    blood. 
alfxop- pay-la,    from    aTjua+pi77- 
vvni  (pay):    bursting  forth  of 
the  blood,  hemorrhage. 
atuiyna,  gen.  aivlynaT-os:    dark 

saying,  riddle,  enigma. 
alviaao/jLaL  {alvty) :   Speak  in  rid- 
dles, hint, 
a'tpe-ais:  a  choosing,  choice,  sect, 

heresy. 
alpe-TLKos:  sectarian,  heretic. 
aipeco,  mid.  alpkofxai:    take,  mid. 

choose. 
aladauofjiaL  (alad,  alaOe)  :  perceive. 
atadr]-cns :  perception. 
alad-q-TiKos :  able  to  perceive^  good 

at  perceiving,  aesthetic. 
airto-Xo7-Ia(from  aiTiov-\-\eyoi) : 
discussion  of  causes,  aetiology. 


alriov.  cause,  reason. 

aKeofxai:  heal,  cure. 

aK/jiT] :  point,  highest  point,  prime, 
acme. 

aKpo-^a-TTis,  from  aKpos+iSatvco 
i^a):  one  who  goes  highest, 
high-goer,  acrobat. 

oLKpos:  highest,  topmost. 

cLKova-TiKos:  pertaining  to  hear- 
ing, acoustic. 

aKovoi:   hear. 

akyeu:  feel  pain,  suffer,  grieve. 

oKyos  (stem  dX7€s) :  pain,  suffer- 
ing. 

dXe^w  (dXe^,  dXe^e):  ward  off. 

a\\i]\oLv:  of  one  another,  to  or 
for  one  another. 

aXKos:   other,  another. 

a-fxedva-Tos,  verbal  adjective  of 
pedvco  with  neg.  prefix:  not 
drunken;  a-ixedvaTos  Xidos,  the 
stone  which  prevents  drunken- 
ness, amethyst. 

ap.oL^r\ :  exchange, requital, recom- 
pense. 

a-iJiop4)os:  formless,  shapeless, 
amorphous. 

0.1x4)1 :  about,  on  both  sides. 
ap.4)i-deaT  pov\      double     theater, 

amphitheater, 
dm:   up;   in  composition  some- 
times back,  again. 
ava-fiaWw     (/3aX) :      throw     Up, 

build  up. 
ava-^oXr]-.  what  is  thrown  up,  or 

built  up,  a  mound. 
*ava-^6\LK6s:    building  up,  con- 
structive, anabolic. 


VOCABULARY 


65 


*ava-^o\i.aiJ.6s:  Upbuilding,  con- 
structive metabolism. 
Note. — The  last  word  is  purely 
modern  and  the  meanings  given  for 
the  three  preceding  words  have  been 
selected  so  as  to  lead' up  to  this  modern 
derivative,  anabolism. 

av-aLadrjaia  (aiaddvo/JLai) ',  insensi- 
bility, anesthesia. 

*a.v-aL(7d7]-TiK6s:    anesthetic. 

ap-a'ta6r]-Tos:  without  sense  or 
feeling,  insensate. 

av-aXyr]-aia:  freedom  from  pain, 
insensibility,  analgesia. 

ava-\oyos:  according  to  pro- 
portion, comparable,  analo- 
gous. 

ava-Xv-aLs:  a  loosing  up,  separa- 
tion into  parts,  analysis. 

ava-Xv-TiKos :  pertaining  to  analy- 
sis, analytic. 

ava-Xi'co:  loosen  up,  dissolve, 
analyze. 

au-apxlo.:  absence  of  rule  or 
government,  anarchy, 

av-apxos  '•  without  ruler  or  govern- 
ment, anarchical. 

ava-Tefxvco  (re/i):    cut  up,  dissect. 

ava-Ton-i]:    dissection,  anatomy. 

avenos:  wind. 

avefj.wpr]:  wind  flower,  anemone. 

avijp,  gen.  av8p-6s:  man,  male 
human  being. 

av9ep.ov  (longer  form  of  avdo^) : 
flower. 

avdos  {avdes) :  flower,  blossom. 

avdpo^TTos:  man,  mankind,  hu- 
man being  (either  male  or 
female). 


avT-ayoivl^oixai:  contend  against, 
antagonize. 

*avT-ayo^vL(yp.bs'.  antagonism. 

avT-a'yo)VL(XTT)s:  antagonist. 

*avT-a'YwvLcrTLKbs:  antagonistic. 

avTi:  against,  opposite. 

avTl-de-ais:  a  putting  opposite, 
what  is  put  opposite, antithesis. 

avTL-deTiKos:  put  in  opposition, 
antithetic. 

*avTi-voixla:  opposition  to  laiv, 
antinomy. 

avT'L-4>oivos:  sounding  opposite, 
or  in  response,  responsive; 
in  neut.  avTl4>wvou,  responsive 
singing,  antiphony,  anthem. 

av-ui8vvos,  -ov  {bbvvrj):  without 
pain,  allaying  pain;  avcodwov 
<.<t>o.piJLaKov'> ,  a  drug  allevi- 
ating pain,  anodyne. 

av-oo^aXla  (avo) /jiaXos) :  uneven- 
ness,  irregularity,  anomaly. 

av-ufxaXos  (ofiaXos) :  uneven,  out 
of  level,  anomalous. 

a^ioo/jLa:  that  which  is  demanded 
as  a  basis  for  reasoning,  that 
which  is  assumed  as  self- 
evident,  axiom. 

a^ow:   axle,  axis. 

aopTT]  (from  aeipco,  stem  dep, 
lift-up):  aorta. 

a-iradaa  (Tracrxw,  irad) :  lack  of 
feeling,  insensibility,  apathy. 

*a-Tradr]TLK6s:  without  feeling  or 
sensibility;  apathetic. 

aTTo:  from,  away  fro^n. 

cLTo-drjKT]:  a  place  in  which  to 
put  things  away,  a  store-house, 
apothecary. 


66 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


d7roXo7cojuat:  speak  in  one's  de- 
fense, defend  one's  self. 

awoXoyi^TLKos:  inclined  to  defend 
one's  self,  of  the  nature  of  a 
defense,  apologetic. 

aTvokoy'ia:  defense  by  speech, 
apology. 

ax6-crTa-(jts  {1<jtt}hi,  ara) :  a 
standing  away  from,  ivith- 
drawal,  desertion,  apostasy. 

airo-aTa-TTjs:  one  who  deserts, 
a  run-away  slave,  an  apostate. 

airo-cTToXos  (dxo-crrfXXco) :  one 
who  is  sent  aivay  on  a  mis- 
sion, a  messenger,  envoy,  am- 
bassador; in  the  New  Testa- 
ment, a  missionary ,  an  apostle. 

aTro-aTpe(f)co:  turn  away  from. 

d7ro-(7Tpo0T7 :  a  turning  away, 
that  is,  from  all  others  to 
address  one  specially,  an 
apostrophe. 

a'iro-4)6eyyoiJ.aL:  speak  out  plain- 
ly and  to  the  point. 

aT6-4>de'Yfia:  a  terse  pointed 
saying,  an  apophthegm. 

ii-TTepos  {-wTkpov) :  without  wings, 

wingless, 
apaxvr}'.   a  spider, 
apyos  (contracted  from  a-epyos) : 

not  working,  inactive,  idle. 

apdp-lTis:     inflammation    of    a 

joint,  arthritis. 
apdpov.  joint, 
apdpoco :    make  a  joint,  unite  by 

means  of  a  joint,  articulate. 

ap9pw-(TLs :  union  by  means  of  a 
joint,  arthrosis. 


apL6iJ.eoo:  count,  number,  reckon 
up. 

apidiJLyj-TLKos :  pertaining  to  count- 
ing or  reckoning,  arithmetical. 

apidiJLrjTLKrj  <.Texvv^ '  O-^i  of 
counting  and  reckoning,  arith- 
metic. 

apidpLos:  number. 

apiffTos '.   best. 

apKTos :  a  bear,  a  constellation  in 
the  northern  heavens,  the  north. 
Hence  clpktlkos,  northern,  arc- 
tic. 

appovla:  a  fitting  together,  har- 
mony. 

apTripla:  windpipe,  artery. 

a,px-d77eXos :  chief  messenger, 
archangel. 

dpxaia  (neut.  plur.  of  dpxaTos) : 
ancient  things,  antiquities, 
archives. 

apxo^i-K-os'.  old-fashioned,  primi- 
tive, archaic. 

dpxato-Xo7ta:  account  of  ancient 
things,  archaeology. 

dpxato-X67-os :  one  who  tells  about 
ancient  things,  an  antiquarian. 

apxcuos:  belonging  to  the  begin- 
ning, ancient. 

apx^-Tvirov.  first  type,  archetype 

apxv:  beginning,  leadership,  rule, 
government. 

*a.pxl-^y^oLaros :  the  initial  sprout 
or  germ,  archiblast. 

apxt--T^KT0P-iK6s :  pertaining  to  the 
master-builder,  architectonic. 

dpxt  -  reKToov:  master  -  builder, 
architect. 


VOCABULARY 


67 


apx^^'-  begin,  be  first;  lead,  com- 
mand, rule. 

ix-a^ea-Tos  {a^evvvp-L) :  unquench- 
able; later,  unburnable,  as- 
bestos. 

a-a-devris  (crdevos) :  without  strength, 
weak,  sick,  asthenic. 

a-aOeveLa:  iveakness,  sickness, 
asthenia. 

aadixa:  shortness  of  breath,  pant- 
ing, difficulty  in  breathing, 
asthma. 

dcTKeco:  exercise,  train,  discip- 
line. 

dc/crj-Tt/cos :  suited  for  discip- 
line, ascetic. 

aaTepo-eidrjs:  having  the  form  or 
appearance  of  a  star,  asteroid. 

aaTrjp,  gen.  darep-os:  star. 

aarpo-Xoy-la:  astronomy,  as- 
trology. 

a(jTpo-\6y-os:  one  ivho  tells  about 
the  stars,  astronomer,  astrolo- 
ger. 

aarpov  (another  form  of  aaT-qp) : 
star. 

a.(npo-vop.-la'.  arrangement  and 
distribution  of  the  stars,  as- 
tronomy.    See  vkp.w. 

aaTpo-p6iJi.-os:  one  who  studies 
the  distribution  or  arrange- 
ment of  the  stars,  an  astron- 
omer. 

ix-avXos  (auXdco) :  safe  from  vio- 
lence, inviolate;  aavXau  Upbv. 
an  inviolable  shrine,  a  refuge, 
an  asylum. 

dr/ios:  steam,  vapor 


a-TOfi-os  (t(:jj,pu>):  uncut,  indi- 
visible; aTOfjLov,  an  indivisible 
particle,  atom. 

a-Tpo(f)ia  (Tpecjxjo) :  lack  of  nu- 
trition, atrophy. 

a-Tpo<f)os:    without  nourishment. 

av6-'evTTf]s  (ayros+eVrTjs,  doer): 
self-doer,  real  author. 

avOepTLKos:  belonging  to  the  real 
author,  authentic. 

avKds :  a  pipe  (a  musical  instru- 
ment somewhat  like  a  clari- 
net). 

*avTo-fiaT-iK6s:  like  an  auto- 
maton, automatic. 

auTo-jua-Tos  (root  ixa,  desire, 
wish,  will) :  self-willed,  self- 
impelled,  acting  of  one's  own 
accord;  neut.  avToixarov:  a 
thing  which  acts  of  its  own 
accord,  an  automaton. 

avTo^ :  self,  himself,  herself,  itself. 

avT-o\}/la:  a  seeing  it  one's  self, 
autopsy. 

dc^atpeats  {a7r6-\-aLpeoi) :  a  tak- 
ing aivay,  apheresis, 

aipatpeco:  take  away. 

B 

/Sati'co  (/5a) :  step,  stand,  walk,  go. 

jSaKT-qpLov,  plur.  j8a/CTi7pta:  a  little 
staff,  a  little  cane;  bacterium, 
bacteria. 

jSdXXco  (iSaX,  /3X7j):  throiv,  cast, 
put. 

^ap^api^oo:  behave  like  a  bar- 
barian. 

fiap^apiaixos :   barbarism. 


68 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


^ap^apos:  barbarous,  a  barbari- 
an. 

/3dpos:  weight. 

^opvs:   heavy. 

^apv-Tovos:  heavy-toned,  bary- 
tone. 

jSdo-ts  {^abco) :  a  stepping,  stand- 
ing, that  on  which  anything 
stands,  pedestal,  basis,  base. 

^LJSXio-d-qKr]  {Tid-qjiC) :  hook-casc, 
library. 

^ijSXlov:  book;  to.  /St/3Xta:  the 
books,  the  Bible. 

/Stos:  life,  especially,  course  oj 
life,  life  history. 

jSXao-ros:   sprout,  shoot,  germ. 

Bopeas:  north  wind,  the  north, 
Boreas. 

0oTavr]:  grass,  fodder,  vegetation. 

j3ovko\lk6s:  pertaining  to  cattle- 
herdsmen,  bucolic. 

^ov-k6\os:  coivherd,  herdsman. 

fiov^  (stem  jSoi;):  cow,  ox;  in 
plur.,  cattle. 

^ov-Tvpov   (rupos):    butter. 

jSpaxtco^:  upper  arm  (between 
shoulder  and  elbow). 

/Spoyxta (plural) :  hronchiaXtubes. 

*^poyx-'i^Ti.s:   bronchitis. 

/3p67xos:    windpipe,  trachea. 


ydXa,  gen.  yakaKT-os:  milk. 
yaXa^ias:    Milky  Way,  galaxy. 
yankoj  (yap.) :   marry. 
yacrTr]p,  gen.  yaarp-os:    stomach, 
belly. 


yaarp-LKos:  relating  to  the  stom- 
ach, gastric. 

7ed,  contracted  form,  7^:  earth, 
land. 

Note. — The  old  uncontracted  form 
7ed  was  generally  used  in  the  first 
part  of  a  compound  word,  the  final  -d 
changing  to  -w,  so  that  the  stem  as- 
sumes the  form  yeco-,  as  in  yeus-y pa4>la. 

7ej'ed  (yiyvopaL):  race,  stock, 
family. 

yevea-Xoyla:  an  account  of  one^s 
pedigree,  genealogy. 

yepe-cTLS  (ylyvopai) :  becoming, 
origin,  creation,  genesis. 

yhos  (stem  7€j'es):  race,  kind, 
genus  (Latin  equivalent). 

yepavLov.  name  of  a  plant,  crane- 
bill,  geranium. 

7€paj'os:   a  crane. 

yeo3-ypd(})-os:  one  who  writes 
about  the  earth,  a  geographer. 

yeco-SaLffia  (dalui) :  a  dividing  of 
land,  geodesy. 

*yeo)-8aL-Ti.K6s:  relating  to  geo- 
desy, geodetic. 

ye(j:87]s  {yecx:-\-el8os)'.  earth-like, 
earthy;  geode. 

*yeco-\6y-os :  one  who  tells  about 
the  earth;  hence  *7eco-Xo7ta, 
geology. 

yeco-p,eTp7]s:  land-measurer,  ge- 
ometer. 

yecj-neTpia:  measurement  of  land, 
geometry. 

yecx^-perp-LKos:   geometrical. 

yeo)pyia:  tillage  of  land,  farm- 
ing, agriculture. 

yewpyiKos :  agricultural,  georgic. 


VOCABULARY 


69 


yewpyos  (second  part  from  root 
epy):  one  who  works  the 
ground,  a  farmer. 

7t7as,  gen.  yiyaPT-os:    giant. 

yLyaPT-LKos:  like  a  giant,  gigantic. 

yiyvofxaL,  syncopated  from  71- 
yev-ofxuL  (yev):  become,  come 
into  being,  be  born. 

yL-yv(j}-aKoo  (yvco) :   know. 

yXoiaaa,  yXcoTTa:  tongue,  speech, 
language. 

yuados:  the  jaw. 

yvwa-TLKOS  (yLyvcoaKca) :  able  to 
know,  gnostic. 

ypaufxa,  gen.  ypaixixaT-os:  what 
has  been  written,  writing;  plur. 
ypafx/jLaTa,  writings,  docu- 
ments, literature. 

y  pafx/jLaT-LKT]  <  Tkxv'n>  '  the  art  of 
writing,  grammar. 

ypaiJLfxaT-LKos:  pertaining  to  writ- 
ing, skilled  in  writing,  gram- 
matical. 

ypa4>ri:  drawing,  painting,  pic- 
ture. 

ypacjy-iKos:  like  a  picture,  graphic. 

7pd0co:  draw,  paint,  write. 

yvijLva^o}  (yvpLvaS):  homyvupos: 
exercise  naked,  exercise,  train. 

yvp-vaaiov.  a  place  for  exercising 
or  training,  a  gymnasium. 

yujjLvaa-Trjs:  one  who  exercises,  a 
trainer,  gymnast. 

yvjjLvaa-TLKos:  pertaining  to  exer- 
cising, or  skilled  in  athletic 
exercises,  gymnastic. 

yvixpos:  naked. 

ycjopla:  a  corner,  angle. 


daincov:  a  god  or  goddess,  a  divine 
being,  a  spirit;  in  Christian 
writers,  an  evil  spirit,  demon. 
Note. — The  word  daifxuiv  is  of  much 
broader  meaning  than  ^eoj  and  in- 
cludes all  sorts  of  supernatural  beings. 
It  may  be  used  to  designate  the  gods 
(oi  dfoL),  but  more  often  is  used  of 
divine  beings  of  lower  rank  than  the 
gods.  The  term  is  often  used  of  the 
spirit  or  genius  which  presides  over 
a  person's  life  for  either  goodor  evil. 
A  person  with  a  good  genius  was 
called  ev5aiiiu)p,  one  with  an  evil  genius 
dvadalixuv,  Or  KaKodaijjuav. 

5atw:   divide. 

8aKpv  and  baKpvop:  a  tear;  gen- 
erally the  plural  is  used  for 
tears,  but  sometimes  the  sing, 
is  used  collectively  in  the 
sense  of  tears. 

baKpvppoia  (/^eco) :  a  flowing  of 
tears,  dacryrrhea. 

delKPVfjLL  {8eLK):    show,  point  out. 

depdpov:  tree. 

8epfxa,  gen.  SepnaTos:  skin,  hide. 

dtaTTorrjs:   slave-master,  despot. 

devrepos:   second. 

8eco :  bind,  tie. 

dri\e-ofj.aL:  hurt,  harm. 

87]\7]-Tr]pLos:  harrnful,  noxious, 
poisonous,  deleterious. 

8r]p.-aywyLKbs:  like  a  demagogue, 
demagogical. 

8r]  p.- ay  coy  OS  (5^/xos+*7"')  •  <^ 
leader  of  the  people,  a  dema- 
gogue, often  in  a  bad  sense. 

8r]p.o-KpaTla:  rule  by  the  people, 
popular  government,  democ- 
racy. 


70 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


brjixo-KpoLT-LKos:  democratic, 
democrat. 

SfjiJLos:  the  people,  the  common 
people.      ' 

8l-:    a  prefix  meaning  two. 

5td:  tJnough,  across;  in  com- 
pounds sometimes  apart. 

§ta-/3dXXco:  throw  apart,  set  at 
variance,  especially  by  means 
of  false  accusations,  hence 
slander,  malign. 

dia-^oXiKos:    devilish,  diabolical. 

5ta-i86\-os:   slanderer,  devil. 

dLa-yLyvaxxKco :  know  things  apart, 
distinguish,  discern,  decide. 

Std-Y^co-cris :  a  distinguishing  and 
deciding,  diagnosis. 

ha-ywvo^  (ycovla) :  through  the 
angles,  diagonal. 

Sid-Srj/za  (5eco) :  what  is  bound 
across  or  around  one's  head, 
diadem. 

dLCL-deaLs:  arrangement,  disposi- 
tion, condition,  diathesis. 

*8i.a6€TLK6s:  relating  to  the  dia- 
thesis, diathetic. 

8talp€(7Ls:  separation,  dieresis. 

5t-atpeco:  take  apart,  separate. 

diaLTa:  mode  of  life,  kind  of  food, 
diet. 

SiaLTaw:  feed  in  a  certain  way, 
diet. 

QiaLTq-TLKos:  relating  to  food, 
dietetic. 

biaKovos:  servant,  minister,  dea- 
con. 

ha-Vtyop.ai:  talk  back  and  forth, 
argue,  converse. 


bia-XeK-TLKT]  <irkxvr]'>  :  the  art  of 
evolving  truth  by  the  method  of 
question  and  answer,  dialectic. 

Sta-XeK-TLKos:  of  the  nature  of 
conversation,  skilled  in  argu- 
ment, dialectical. 

6td-XeKros  <7Xco(T(Ta> :  conver- 
sational language,  dialect. 

8i.a-Xoyos :  conversation,  dialogue. 

ScaiieTpos  <.ypainxi]'>  :  the  line 
measuring  through  or  across, 
diameter. 

8i.-apdpo)aLs:  a  joining  apart, 
connection  by  a  movable  joint, 
diarthrosis. 

8LappoLa(peco) :  a  flowing  through, 
diarrhea. 

oid-aTaats  (^iaTrip.i) :  a  standing 
apart,  separation,  diastasis. 

StaaTa-rt/cos:  separative,  relating 
to  diastasis,  diastatic. 

8ia.(jTr]-p.a:  interval. 

8La-(})av-'f}s  {(f)alvui) :  showing 
through,  transparent,  dia- 
phanous. 

5td-0pa7/xa  {(})paaaco, stem  (ppay) : 
a  wall  through  or  across  any- 
thing, a  partition,  diaphragm. 

5t5d(7/cco  (5t5ax) :  teach. 

8i-8oi)-fii  (do):  give. 

8'L-X-qiJLfj.a  (XajUj8di/co) :  o  double 
assumption,  a  double  premiss, 
a  dilemma.     See  X^/x^a. 

Stouecrts  (5t-oiKeco) :  housekeep- 
ing, administration,  jurisdic- 
tion, diocese. 

8i'irXoos:  two-fold,  double. 

SlttXoco:  double,  fold. 


VOCABULARY 


71 


5txXco-/ia:  a  folded  document,  a 
letter  of  recommendation,  di- 
ploma. 

dicpdepa:   a  tanned  hide,  a  piece 

'    of  leather. 

5l-(t>9oyyos:  having  two  sounds, 
a  diphthong. 

bbyixa,  gen.  86yfjLaT-os  (5oKecc): 
what  seems  best  to  one,  opinion, 
conclusion;  in  the  case  of 
those  in  authority  a  decree, 
an  ordinance,  a  dogma. 

doynaT-LKos:  of  the  nature  of  a 
decree  or  ordinance,  dogmatic. 

SoKeo)  (5ok),  generally  used  in  the 
third  person  singular  as  an 
impersonal  verb,  8ok€l:  it 
seems,  it  seems  best. 

86^a  (SoKcw):  opinion,  reputa- 
tion, honor,  glory. 

do^o-Xoyla:  an  expressio7i  of 
glory  to  God,  doxology. 

dpoifxa,  gen.  5pa/xar-os  (Space): 
what  is  done  or  acted  out,  deed, 
act,  drama. 

dpaa-TLKos:  active,  elective,  dras- 
tic. 

bpaxpT)'-  fl'/'ac// we,  a  weight,  also 
a  coin;  Eng.  drachm. 

bpaw.  do,  perform. 

dpofxos:  a  running,  race,  race- 
course, race-track. 

8pv-s:  a  tree,  an  oak. 
bwa-jiai:  be  able,  be  powerful. 
bvva-ixLs:   ability,  power. 
Swa-aTela:  lordship, domination, 
dynasty. 


BvvaaTTjs:  lord,  ruler,  potentate. 
8va-:     a    prefix    meaning    bad, 

badly,  with  difficulty. 
bCipov:  gift. 

E 

ey-Ke(j)a\os  (kv-]-Ke4>a\r]) :  in  the 
head;  as  a  noun,  brain;  neut. 
€yKe(pa\ov:  encephalon. 

I7C0:  /. 

ey-x^i-piSLOP  (x^'p)  '•  (^  hand-book, 
manual,  enchiridion. 

kdvLKos:     relating    to    a    nation, 

national,  ethnic. 
Wpos:  a  tribe,  natio7i. 
eldos   (stem  el8es) :    appearance, 

form,  kind,  species. 

ei8vK\Lov  (diminutive  of  etdos): 
a  little  image,  a  short,  highly 
ivrought  descriptive  poem  on  a 
pastoral  subject,  an  idyl. 

e'ldcoXov.  an  image,  idol. 

etSwXo-Xarpeta :  idol-worship, 
idolatry.  Note  that  the  Eng- 
lish word  drops  out  one  syl- 
lable. 

eiKwv.  image,  icon. 

eipr]V7]:  peace;  hence  the  proper 
name,  Irene. 

ets:  into 

e/c,  before  a  vowel,  e^:  out  of. 

eK-KevTpLKOs     {KevTpov) :      out     of 

center,  eccentric. 
kK-\kyw.    pick  out,  select. 
tK-XeKTLKos:     inclined    to    select, 

eclectic. 
kK-Xoyq:   a  selection,  eclogue. 


72 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


eK-ara-ais  {'LcrTrjixL) :  a  standing 
outside  of  the  proper  place,  a 
displacement,  a  being  beside 
otters  self,  ecstasy. 

U-ara-TLKos:  of  the  nature  of 
ecstasy,  ecstatic. 

Ik-tlkos  (exw) :  habitual,  consti- 
tutional, consumptive,  hectic. 

eKToixij  {kK-rkjivw) :  a  cutting  out; 
-ectomy  in  the  latter  part  of 
medical  terms. 

e/cros:  outside,  without. 

^eXaa-TLKos,  from  eXavvci}  (eXa) 
drive:  able  to  drive,  as  a  bent 
bow  which  drives  the  arrow 
by  returning  to  its  original 
form,  elastic. 

eXeyeiaKos:  having  the  nature  of 
an  elegy,  elegiac. 

eXeyeLov  (eXeyos) :  an  elegiac 
couplet,  in  the  plural,  a  poem 
made  up  of  such  couplets, 
an  elegy. 

eXe7os :  a  lament. 
eXerjfxoavPT]:  pity,  mercy,  charity, 
alms. 

eXe(f)as,  gen.  eXecpavr-os'.  ele- 
phant, ivory. 

"EXX?jj^:    a  Greek,  a  Hellene. 

'EXX-qvl^o):  speak  Greek,  imi- 
tate the  Greeks;  in  active 
sense,  make  a  Greek  of  one, 
Hellenize. 

'EXXtj^^-uos  :    Grecian,  Hellenic. 

''E.XXrivi(Tii6%:  imitation  of  the 
Greeks,  adoption  of  Greek  lan- 
guage and  civilization,  Hel- 
lenism. 


'EXXrjj^tcrT97j:  one  not  of  Greek 
race  who  uses  the  Greek  lan- 
guage, a  Hellenist;  in  New 
Testament,  a  Greek-Jew. 

*'EXXr]VL(XTLK6s:  relating  to  Hel- 
lenism and  Hellenists,  Hel- 
lenistic. 

e^i-jSdXXco  (jSaX,  18X77):  throw  in, 
put  in,  insert,  inlay. 

e/jL-^XyjiJia:  something  inserted  or 

inlaid,  an  emblem. 
tfjL^pvov:  foetus,  embryo. 
efxirXaaTpov   (TrXdcrcco) :    plaster, 

salve. 
e/xiropLov:    a  trading  place,  port 

of  entry,  emporium. 

e/xTTopos  {ev-\-  Topos) :  a  traveling 
merchant,  importing  merchant, 
wholesale  merchant. 

€fX(})aaLS  {h-\-cf)a'Lvco):  a  showing 
of  something  in  or  among 
other  things  so  as  to  make  it 
stand  out  prominently,  em- 
phasis. 

kix(i)aTLKbs:  with  emphasis,  em- 
phatic. 

kv:  in,  among. 

'ivbov:  inside,  within. 

kvkpyeia  (ez'+root  kpy,  work): 
action,  energy. 

kvepyeco:  be  in  action. 

kvepy-q-TLKos:  active,  energetic. 

ev-6eos,  contracted  form,  evdovs: 
having  the  god  in  one's  self, 
possessed  by  a  god,  inspired, 
frenzied. 

kvdovaia^co:  be  possessed  by  a 
god,  be  inspired. 


VOCABULARY 


73 


hdovaiaaixos:  inspiration,  en- 
thusiasm. 

hdovaiaar-qs:  one  who  is  inspired, 
enthusiast. 

hdovaLaaTLKos :  like  an  enthusiast, 
enthusiastic. 

ivrepov.  entrail,  intestine. 

ev-To/xov  (h-\-TefjLVco):  that  which 
is  cut  into,  insect. 

e^-o8os:  a  way  out,  a  going  out, 
exodus. 

e^co:  outside,  without. 

eTT-eia-oSLov  (656s,  ela-o8os,  an 
entrance,  a  coming  in) :  some- 
thing which  comes  in  besides, 
or  afterward,  the  part  of  a 
Greek  tragedy  between  two 
choric  songs,  an  episode. 

evrt:  upon,  on,  after,  besides. 

kfrl-'Y paixjjLa :  what  is  written  upon 
a  monument,  an  inscription  in 
verse,  epigram. 

hTt-y pa4)r] :  an  inscription.  This 
is  the  more  general  term  for 
an  inscription  of  any  kind, 
hence  epigraphy,  the  study  of 
inscriptions. 

hTL-de-Tov:  what  is  put  upon,  or 
added,  an  adjective,  epithet. 

eTL-drj-iia:  something  put  on,  a 
lid,  cover,  poidlice,  epithem. 

CTTi/cos  (eTros) :    epic. 

kin-\aix^avw.  seize  upon,  lay 
hold  of,  attack. 

eTL\T]\pLs  and  kirik-q^'ia. :  a  seizure, 
attack,  fit,  epilepsy. 

eirl-Xoyos:     after    speech,    con- 
■    chiding  speech,  epilogue. 


eTri-aKOTTos  {aKeiTTo/JLai) :  one  wJio 
watches  over,  overseer,  super- 
intendent, bishop.  Hence  the 
English  word  episcopal. 

eiTLaT-qixri:     knowledge,    science; 

sometimes    contrasted    with 

Tkxvr],  art. 
kin-aToXrj  (eTrt-areXXaj:)    a  letter, 

an  epistle. 

k-KL-rld-qixL:  put  upon,  add. 

kivL-roixT]  {k-Ki-Tkixvoi) '.  a  cuttng 
upon,  an  abridgement,  epi- 
tome, just  as  we  say  "a  cut- 
ting down." 

eTTos,  gen.  CTre-os  (from  root  evr, 
speak) :  anything  spoken, word, 
speech;  especially  a  line  of 
heroic  hexameter;  in  the 
plural,  heroic  verses,  epic 
poetry. 

eiroxv  (€T-exco):  a  holding  on, 
a  waiting,  the  halting  of  a  star, 
a  portion  of  time,  an  epoch. 

epyov:  ivork,  deed,  action. 

€p8o)  (epy) :  work,  do. 

ep-qixla:  an  uninhabited  place, 
solitude,  desert,  wilderness. 

kpripil-Tr]s:  a  man  of  the  solitary 
place,  eremite,  hermit. 

epvdpos:  red. 
eacjo:  inside,  within. 
eTepo-do^ia  {86^a):   wrong  opin- 
ion or  belief,  heterodoxy. 

eTep6-5o^os:  having  wrong  opin- 
ion, heterodox. 

erepos:  other  of  two,  other  than 
good  or  right,  ivrong. 


74 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


e  r  »'/xo-Xo7ia :  telling  the  true  sense 
of  a  word  according  to  its 
origin,  giving  the  etyma  of 
words,  etymology. 

ervnov:  the  true  sense  of  a  word 
according  to  its  origin,  the 
root-meaning,  root  of  a  word. 

eTvidos:  true,  real. 

€v:  well,  good, 

evayyeXi^oixaL  (evayyeXos) :  bring 
good  tidings,  preach  the  gospel, 
evangelize. 

evayyeXiov.  good  news,  glad  tid- 
ings, the  gospel. 

evayyeXos:  bringing  good  news; 
one  who  brings  good  news, 
an  evangel. 

evyevTjs  {ylyvoixai):  well  born, 
noble. 

evKoyia:  a  speaking  well  of  one, 
praise,  eulogy. 

exw  (ex,  (^ex,  eX,  o'Xe) :  have,  hold, 
hold  oneself,  keep  oneself  <so 
and  so>,  be  <so  and  so>. 


fdco:  live,  be  alive. 

^vybv:  a  yoke. 

^wi] :    life. 

^(jivr):  girdle,  belt,  zone. 

^Q)ov:   a  living  being,  animal. 

H 

■qOiKO'i  {rfdos):  relating  to  moral 
character,  ethical;  tjOlko.,  eth- 
ics. 

^dos:  character,  moral  character. 

^XeKTpov:   amber. 


r;Xtos :   the  sun. 

rfKLo-Tpbinov :  heliotrope,  so  called 
because  it  turns  to  the  sun. 

■qXio-TpoTros  (rpeTTco):  turning  to 
the  sun. 

■fjiJLepa:  day. 

■qpi-:   a  prefix  meaning  half. 

■qjiL-acfyaipLov  (cr^atpa) :  a  hemi- 
sphere. 

riwap,  gen.  ■^Trar-os:  liver. 

riTTaT-LKos:   of  the  liver,  hepatic. 

7;pcos:  warrior,  hero. 

^xw:   echo. 

0 

dakapos:  inner  room,  bed-cham- 
ber. 

dea-opaLi  see,  observe,  gaze  upon. 

Qka-Tpov.  a  place  for  seeing,  a 
theater. 

de-pa  {Tid-qixi)  '•  what  is  put  down 
for  discussion,  a  proposition, 
theme. 

deo-Xoy-ia:  a  telling  about  the 
gods,  or  about  God,  theology. 

deo-Xoy-LKos :  theological. 

deo-Xoy-os:  one  who  tells  about 
the  gods,  or  God,  a  theologian. 

Oeos :  a  god,  God. 

depaTcla:  service,  attendance, care 
of  the  sick,  treatment  of  disease, 
therapy. 

depairev-TLKos:  relating  to  care  of 
the  sick,  or  to  medical  treat- 
ment, therapeutic. 

depairevo):  serve,  care  for,  give 
medical  treatment  to. 

Oeppos:  ivarm,  hot. 


VOCABULARY 


75 


dewpkw :  view,  contemplate,  specu- 
late, philosophize. 

de(!opr]-fxa:  that  which  is  viewed 
or  contemplated;  in  mathe- 
matics, a  theorem. 

Beoip-q-TLKos:  contemplative,  spec- 
ulative, theoretical. 

dicopla:  a  vieiv,  a  theory. 

deoopos:  a  spectator,  sight-seer, 
delegate  to  a  religious  festival, 
or  to  the  national  games. 

dp'i^,  gen.  rpix-os:  hair. 

dcopa^:    breast-plate,  part  of  the 

body  covered  by  the  breast-plate, 

chest,  thorax. 

I 

laofjLaL:   heal,  cure. 

laT petal  healing,  medical  treat- 
ment. 

larpLKos:  relating  to  a  physician, 
or  to  medical  treat?nent,  cura- 
tive, medical. 

iarpos:   a  physician,  or  surgeon. 

"I8a:  a  wooded  hill.  Mount  Ida. 

i5ka  (from  root  ^5,  see,  appear): 
appearance,  form,  image,  men- 
tal image,  idea. 

Ibios:  one's  own,  private,  person- 
al, peculiar. 

Ibio-avyKpaala  {(TvyKepavvv/jLi) : 
one's  own  mixture,  peculiar 
temperament  or  habit,  idiosyn- 
crasy. 

IblwjjLa,  gen.  IbiwuaT-os :  a  peculi- 
arity, especially  a  peculiarity 
of  speech,  idiom. 


IbLWT-qs'.  a  private  person;  one 
who  is  unskilled,  ignorant,  or 
stupid.     Eng.  deriv.,  idiot. 

lep-apxis  (apx^^)'  o,  ruler  of 
sacred  things,  high  priest,  hier- 
arch. 

lep-apx'i-a:  rule  of  a  hierarch, 
hierarchy. 

lepos:  sacred. 

LTTiros:  a  Jiorse. 

IpLs:  rainboiv,  halo;  a  flower, 
the  iris;  the  iris  of  the  eye; 
name  of  a  goddess,  Iris. 

'Laos:  equal. 

icTiqixi  {(XTo) :  stand,  set  up. 

iaropla:  inquiry,  research, 
knowledge  gained  by  inquiry  or 
research,  a  written  report  of 
such  knowledge,  narrative,  his- 
tory, story. 

icrros:  loom,  web. 
1x8  vs:  fish. 

K 

Kadalpo:  (Kadap) :  cleanse,  purify, 
purge. 

Kadapos:  clean,  pure. 

Kadap-TLKos:  cleansing,  purga- 
tive, cathartic. 

KaS'ebpa:  seat,  chair,  bishop's 
chair;  hence  cathedral. 

KadoKiKos  (/cara+oXos) :  relating 
to  the  whole,  general,  universal, 
catholic. 

Kaico  ijiav) :   burn. 

KttXXt-:  form  which  the  stem  of 
Kokos,  beautiful,  usually  takes 
at  the  beginning  of  a  com- 
pound. 


76 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


KoXS^:  beautiful,  noble,  good. 

KoXv^,  gen.  KokvK-os:  seed-pod, 
cup  of  a  flower,  calyx. 

Kavdov:  straight  rod,  straight-edge, 
rule,  canon. 

KapSla:  heart. 

KapdLa-Kos:  pertaining  to  the 
heart,  cardiac. 

KapKLvos:  a  crab;  a  cancer. 

KapTTos:  fruit,  grain,  produce. 

Kapwos:  the  wrist,  csiT-pus. 

Kara:  down;  in  accordance  with. 

Kara-jSdXXoj:  throw  down,  over- 
throw, destroy. 

Kara-^oXr]:    a  throwing  down. 

^/cara-jSoXtKos:  tending  to  throw 
down,  destructive,  catabolic. 

*  Kara- ^dXia  fids :  a  throwing  down, 
catabolism. 

Kara-Xkyw.  pick  out,  enlist,  en- 
rol. 

KaTa-\rj\pLS  (KaTa-Xan^avo)):  a 
seizing,  catalepsy. 

Kara-Xoyos  {Kara-Xeyco)  :  a  regis- 
ter, a  roll,  list,  catalog. 

Kara-Xvais  (Kara-Xvot:) :  a  loosing, 
a  dissolving,  catalysis. 

Kara-Xvu:  dissolve,  break  up. 

Kar-apaaaco  (apay) :   dash  down; 

KaT-apaK-Tr]s:       down-dasher, 

cataract. 

Kara-p'pkw  (peoj) :  flow  down. 

Karappoos:  flowitig  down;  as  a 
noun,  a  running  from  the 
head  or  nose,  catarrh. 

KaTa-(TTpk(i>oi'.  turn  down,  upset, 
overthrow. 


KaTa-(TTpo(f>r] :  an  overturning, 
sudden  reverse,  catastrophe. 

KaT-r]yopla:  an  accusation,  de- 
claration, predicate,  category. 

Kava-TLKos  (Kalo),  root  Kav,  burn): 
inclined  to  burn,  caustic. 

Kav-Ti\p  (fcatco) :  a  burner,  a 
branding  iron. 

KavT-qpia^w.   sear,  cauterize. 

Kav-riipLov:  a  branding  iron; 
also  a  brand,  cautery. 

Kevos :  empty. 

KevTpov:  a  sharp  point,  a  goad,  a 
puncture,  the  puncture  made 
by  the  stationary  limb  of  the 
compass  in  drawing  a  circle, 
the  center  of  a  circle,  center. 

KepavvvfiL  (Kepa,  Kpa)  :   mix. 
Kepas,  gen.  Kepar-os:   a  horn. 
Ke(f)aXr] :    head. 

KXados:  a  young  shoot,  a  twig,  a 
branch. 

KXaw.  break. 
kXctt-ttjs:  a  thief. 
/cXeTTTW  (/cXeTr) :    steal. 
KXtna^,  gen.  /cXt/xa/c-os:  a  ladder, 
a  stair-case,  climax. 

KXivr]:  couch,  bed. 

kXlvlkos:  pertaining  to  a  bed,  or 
beds;  a  physician  who  visits 
the  sick  in  their  beds,  clinical. 

Koyxv  '•  a  shell-fish,  a  sliell. 
KoCXos :  hollow. 

kolXoco:  make  hollow,  hollow  out. 
KoiXcc-na,   gen.    KotXco/xaT-os:    a 
hollow,  a  cavity. 


VOCABULARY 


77 


Koin&ct}:  put  to  sleep;  KOLfi&ofiai: 
go  to  sleep. 

KoifXTj-Tripiov:  sleeping  place, 
cemetery. 

KoKeos:  a  sheath,  a  scabbard;  in 
Aristotle,  the  sheath  or  shard 
of  a  beetle's  wings. 

KOfirj :  the  hair  of  the  head,  espe- 
cially of  long  hair. 

KOjj.r]-Tr]$:  a  long-haired  fellow; 
a  comet. 

Ko/xfxa  {kStttw,  strike,  cut) :  what 
is  cut  off,  a  short  clause.  In 
English  the  point  usedtomark 
off  a  short  clause,  a  comma. 

Kopr],  Kopa:  a  girl,  a  maiden. 

KoplvdLos:  Corinthian. 

Kopivdos:  Corinth. 

Koa/jLeo::  order,  arrange,  ad oyH. 

Koanrj-TLKos:  suited  for  adorning, 
cosmetic. 

Koa/JLO-yovia  {Koafxos  and  yiyvo- 
/xat) :  birth  or  origin  of  the 
universe,  cosmogony. 

KoafjLO-TroXlTris:  a  citizen  of  the 
world,  cosmopolite. 

Koa/jLos:  order,  adornment;  the 
universe,  the  world. 

KOTvkr}'.  a  cup. 

KOTvKribwv.  anything  cup-shaped. 
In  botany  a  cotyledon. 

Kpa-(TLS  (Kepavvv/jLi.) :  a  mixing, 
blending,  combination,  crasis. 

Kpa-rrjp:  a  mixer,  mixing-bowl, 
bowl,  crater. 

K paras:  strength,  power,  rule. 

KpLPQ}  (/cpi):  separate,  distin- 
guish, decide,  judge. 


Kpl-cLs:     a    decision,  judgment, 

decisive  point,  crisis. 
Kpi-r-i)piov:   a  means  of  judging, 

a  criterion. 
KpL-T7]s:  a  judge. 
Kpi-TLKos:   able  to  judge,  critical; 

as  noun,  a  critic. 

KpoKos:     saffron.    Hence    Eng. 

crocus. 
KpvTT-Tos:      hidden,     concealed; 

KpvKTov.  a  crypt. 
KpvTTTco  (Kpvcf)):  Mdc,  conccal. 
KprnraWos:     ice;     rock-crystal, 

crystal. 

KTeis,  gen.  KTev-bs:  a  comb,  a 
rake,  a  cockle. 

Kv^os:  a  cube,  a  die  for  playing 
dice. 

KVK\aiJLt.pos  (kvkXos):   cyclamen. 

kvkXos:  a  circle,  cycle. 

KvXivdpos:  a  roller,  a  cylinder. 

KvyLvSco:  roll. 

Kvvos-ovpa:  a  dog's  tail,  name  of 
a  constellation,  cynosure. 

Kvpos:   Cyrus. 

KvaTLs:  a  bladder,  a  pouch;  cyst. 

KVTos:  a  hollow,  a  hollow  thing, 
a  vase,  a  jar.  In  modern 
science,  a  cell,  cyte. 

Kvwv,  gen.  Kvv-b^:   a  dog. 

KcoKov:  a  limb,  a  member;  a  mem- 
ber of  a  sentence,  a  colon. 

KWfXLKos :  of  the  nature  of  a  revel, 
or  of  a  comedy,  comic. 

Koifxos:  a  revel,  a  band  of  revellers , 
the  ode  sung  by  a  band  of 
revellers,  a  comus. 


78 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


K'coju-qjSia     (detSo),    sing,    aoidos, 

singer) :  revel-song,  comedy. 
KOivos:  a  cone. 

A 

KaKwv:  a  Laconian,  or  Lace- 
daemonian, a  Spartan. 

AaKccvLKos:  Laconian,  like  a 
Laconian,  laconic. 

XafjL^avu  (XajS,  XrjjS) :  take,  take 
hold  of,  seize. 

Xaos:  people,  men. 

Xapvj^,  gen.  'Xapvyy-os:  upper 
part  of  the  windpipe,  larynx; 
also  used  loosely  for  throat. 

Xarpela:  service. 

Xtycjo:   say,  speak,  tell. 

\ejco :  pick,  gather,  count,  reckon. 

XeLTovpyia  (from  Xciros,  of  the 
people,  public,  and  root  kpy, 
work);  a  working  for  the 
people,  public  service,  liturgy, 

Xt^LKos,  -bv  (Xe^ts):  relating  to 
words,  or  speech;  Xe^t/c6i'<|8t/3- 
Xlou>  :  award  book,  dictionary, 
lexicon. 

Xe^ts  (XeTco):  Speech,  word. 

XevKos:  white. 

Xkwv,  gen.  XeovT-os:  lion;  proper 
name  Leon. 

X-qQapyla:   drowsiness,  lethargy. 

Xr]9apyos  (Xr]dv)  •  forgetful, 
drowsy,  lethargic. 

\r]dr]:  forgetfulness,  lethe. 

X^/x/xa  (Xafi^auo:) :  what  is  taken, 
or  assumed,  an  assumption,  a 
prem,iss, lemma..   Ci.dl-X-q/jLfxa. 

Xidos:  stone. 


XoyiKos  (Xoyos):  reasonable,  logi- 
cal] XoyiKT]  <Texi'77>  :  the  art 
of  reasoning,  logic. 

\oyo-ypact)os:  a  speech-writer, 
logographer. 

X670S     (X€7co):     word,    speech, 

reason,  account. 
Xvpa:   a  lyre. 
XupLKos:     relating    to    the    lyre, 

lyric,  lyrical. 
Xi'w:  loose,  loosen,  dissolve. 

M 

jxayiKos  (Ma7os):  belonging  to 
or  suited  to  a  Magi  an,  or 
magician;  magic,  magical. 

yi.ayvr\TLs  <\idos>  :  the  Magne- 
sian  stone,  magnet. 

Md7os:  a  Magian,  a  Persian 
priest  and  wise  fnan;  a  wizard, 
a  magician. 

ixadr]jxa  {ixavdavw) :  what  is  learnt, 
a  lesson,  learning,  knowledge, 
especially  mathematical  knowl- 
edge. 

jiadrinaT-iKos'.  fond  of  learning, 
concerned  zvith  learning, 
mathematical;  to.  p-aQriixa- 
TLKa,  mathematics. 

p.a'Lvop.aL  iixav) :  rage,  rave,  be 
mad,  be  crazy,  be  inspired. 

fiaXaKds:  soft. 

p.avdav(ji  (fiad,  fxaOe):  learn,  un- 
derstand. 

fxav-la  {/xaivofjiai) :  madness, 
frenzy,  insanity,  mania. 

fxdv-TLs:  an  inspired  person,  a 
seer,  a  prophet. 


VOCABULARY 


79 


napyaplT-qs:  a  pearl. 

uapTvs,   ndpTvp-os:    a   witness; 

in  ecclesiastical  language,  a 

martyr. 

\LavcruiKeLov:  tomb  of  Mausolus, 
mausoleum. 

MaucrcoXos:     Mausolus   king    of 
Halicarnassus. 

ueyas  (stems  ixeya  and  fieyaXo) : 

large,  big,  great. 
MeSovaa:     Medusa,    a    Gorgon 

with  snaky  locks  the  sight  of 

whom  turned  people  to  stone. 
fikdodos  {p-era  and  bbbs)  :  a  going 

after,    pursuit    of   knowledge, 

process,  method. 
pedvu:  be  drunken. 
jueXas,  /JLeXau-os:   black. 
peKiaaa:    a  bee;    hence  proper 

name  Melissa. 
peKos:   song,  tune,  nmsic. 

peXudla  {pe\os-\-a8oj) :  tune- 
singing,  melody. 

pea-€PTepLOV  K8eppa'>  {peaos-\- 
'ivTtpov) :  mesentery. 

peaos:  in  the  middle,  between, 
middle,  mid. 

pera:  with,  among,  after;  in 
composition  often  denoting 
change  like  the  Latin  trans, 
across  (trans),  dijferently. 

peTa-j3aXkoj:     place    differently, 

change,  transpose. 
peTa^oXi]:    a  changing,  change, 

transition. 
/LterajSoXt/cos:    relating  to  change, 

changeable;  metabolic. 
*fX€Ta^6\iap.6s:  metabolism. 


pera-decTLs  (Tid-qpi):  a  placing 
across,  transposition,  meta- 
thesis. 

peraXKov:  amine;  in  late  Greek, 

a  metal. 
*peTa\\ovpy'ia      (epy) :      minc- 

working,metal-workiitg,Taeta.l- 

lurgy. 

peToWovpyos:   one    who    works 

mines,    or    metals,    a    miner; 

metallurgist. 
*peTa-pop4>LK6s      {popcj)-}]) :       of 

changed  form,  metamorphic. 
*peTa-p.op<f)os:       ivith     changed 

form,  metamorphous. 
peTa-pop4>6co:    change  the  form 

of,  transform,  metamorphose. 
peTa-p6p(f)coaLs :     transformation, 

metamorphosis. 

pera-cpepoj:  carry  across,  trans- 
fer. 

p€Ta-<f)opa:  transference,  espe- 
cially of  a  word  to  a  new 
sense,  metaphor. 

peTeojpos:  lifted  up,  on  high,  in 
the  heavens;  ptrewpov,  a  heav- 
enly body,  meteor. 

pkrpov:  measure. 

t^VTVP,  gen.  pr]Tp-6s:   mother. 

prjTpoiroKLs:  mother  city,  chief 
city,  metropolis. 

prjxciprj:    a  contrivance,   a  ma- 
chine, 
pialvoi  {piav):   defile,  pollute, 
piaa-pa:  pollution,  miasma. 
piKpbs :  small,  little 
pipeop,at:  imitate. 
p,ip,if]-<Tts:   imitation,  mimesis. 


8o 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


jjLLfxrj-TLKos:  imitative,  mimetic. 

jjLLfXLKos  (jjufxos) :  like  an  imitator, 
mimic. 

jMHos:  an  imitator,  an  imperson- 
ator; also  a  mime,  a  little 
dramatic  composition  depict- 
ing scenes  from  every-day  life. 

/jLia-apdpcoTTos:    hating  mankind, 

misanthropic. 
IxLcjkw.  hate. 

ixiao-yhvris'.  hating  women;  a 
woman-hater ,  a  misogynist. 

jj.LCFo'Yvvla'.  hatred  of  women,  mis- 
ogyny. 

/juaos:  hate,  hatred. 

jxovaxos  (jjiovos) :  solitary;  a  soli- 
tary man,  monk. 

HOvo-ToAia  {iroiKeoi,  sell) :  a 
lone-selling,  exclusive  sale, 
monopoly. 

fjLovos:  alone,  only;  in  com- 
pounds, single,  one. 

yLovb-Tovos:  of  a  single  tone, 
monotonous. 

Mop({)evs  {nop^T]):  the  former, 
maker  of  the  forms  and  images 
seen  in  sleep,  the  god  of  dreams, 
Morpheus;  hence  morphine, 
morphia. 

lj.op(j)rj:  form,  shape. 

nop4>6oi :  give  form  to,  form,  shape. 

/x6p0coats:  a  forming,  shaping, 
morphosis. 

Movaa:  goddess  of  song  and 
inspiration.  Muse. 

Mova-ttov:  temple  of  the  Muses, 
a  school  of  art  and  poetry, 
a  library,  museum. 


/jLova-iKij  < rex^v^  •  ^he  art  of  the 

Muses,  music. 
Hova-LKos:   of  or  for  the  Muses, 

musical. 

p-veXos:  marrow,  spinal  cord, 
brain. 

fxveco  (fxvui):  initiate  into  the 
mysteries. 

fivdo-Xoykco :  tell  myths  or  legends. 

IJLvdo-\oyia:  the  telling  of  myths 
or  legends,  mythology. 

fj-vOo-Xoyos  (Kkyo)) :  a  teller  of 
legends,  mythologist. 

fxvOos:  a  speech,  tale,  story, 
legend,  myth. 

IJLVKrjs,  gen.  fivK-qT-os:  a  mush- 
room, fungus. 

lxvaTr]ptov  (/xueco,  ixvoi)'.  a  secret 
doctrine,  mystery. 

HvaT-qs:  one  who  has  been  initi- 
ated into  the  mysteries. 

IxvoTLKos:  secret,  mystic. 

ixvw.  close  the  eyes,  close  the 
mouth. 

N 

Natds,  gen.  Natd5-os  (mcj) :  a 
river-nymph,  a  fountain- 
nymph.  Naiad. 

vapK-q:  numbness. 

vapKLcraos:  narcissus,  name  of  a 
plant  and  its  flower. 

vapKooj  {yapKyj) :  benumb. 

vapKw-ais:  a  benumbing,  nar- 
cosis. 

vapKio-TLKos'.  able  to  benumb, 
benumbing,  narcotic. 

vam'.  a  ship. 


VOCABULARY 


8i 


1*0 i;(7ta,  also  written  j'auTia:  ship 
sickness,  sea-sickness,  nausea. 

vav-T-qs:  ship-man, seaman,  sail- 
or. 

vavT-iKos:  relating  to  sailors, 
nautical. 

vao}'.  flow. 

veKpo-fxavrela  (iJ.avTLs) :  prophecy 
by  means  of  the  dead,  that  is, 
by  calling  up  their  spirits, 
necromancy. 

veKpos:  a  dead  body,  a  corpse; 
also  as  an  adjective,  dead; 
in  plural,  ol  veKpoi,  the  dead. 

veKpoco :  make  dead,  mortify. 

vkKpoi-ais :  a  deadening,  deadness, 
necrosis. 

veKTap:  the  drink  of  the  gods, 
nectar. 

vefxeaLs  {vkjxco) :  a  dealing  out  of 
what  is  due,  righteous  indig- 
nation, divine  wrath,  divine 
retribution,  nemesis;  personi- 
fied as  the  goddess  of  retribu- 
tion. Nemesis. 

I'ejLtco  {ytpL,  vtp.e) :  deal  out,  dis- 
tribute, arrange,  manage;  feed, 
pasture. 

veos:  new,  young. 

vevpov:  sinew,  tendon,  cord;  in 
late  writers,  especially  the 
physician  Galen,  a  nerve. 

ve4)pZTLs:  kidney  disease,  inflam- 
mation of  the  kidneys,  ne- 
phritis. 

ve4>p6s:  the  kidneys,  a  kidney. 

vLK-q:  victory. 

voiiah-LKos:  like  the  nomads, 
nomadic. 


vofjLas,  gen.  vona8-os  (vejuco):  a 
herdsman,  nomad. 

vSfxos  (veixw) :  what  is  dealt  out 
or  established  by  custom  or 
legislation,  custom,  convention, 
law. 

vo/jLos  (ve/jLu):  a  pasture,  a  dis- 
trict, a  nome. 

vbaos:   disease,  sickness. 

vvfxcjyr]:  a  bride,  a  young  woman, 
a  nymph. 

vQiTov:  the  back. 


^L(j)o-eL87]s  (etSos):  having  the 
form  or  appearance  of  a  sword 
i^lcpos) ,  sivord-shaped,  xiphoid. 

^t0os:  sword. 


6,  T],  to:  definite  article  in  its 
three  genders,  the. 

odds:  road,  way,  journey,  a 
going. 

68vvr]:  pain. 

oueco:  dwell,  live  in,  inhabit. 

olKo-vofj.la  (otKos  and  peficS) :  man- 
agement of  a  house,  estate,  or 
property;  good  management, 
thrift,  economy. 

oLKo-vofXLKos '.  Skilled  in  financial 
management,  thrifty,  econom- 
ical. 

oIko-vo/jlos  :  manager  of  a  house, 
or  an  estate,  manager,  adminis- 
trator, business  manager. 

oLKos:  house,  home,  estate,  prop- 
erty. 


82 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


otaoj,  future  of  verb  (pkpui:  bear, 
carry. 

oXlyos:  little,  few. 

oXos:  whole,  entire,  all. 

'OXvfiTnos:   Olympian. 

"OXvfxiros:  Olympus,  Mount 
Olympus,  home  of  the  gods. 

6;uaX6s:  even,  level. 

6iJ.o-yepr]s  {6iJ.os-\-yhos):  of  the 
same  race,  of  the  same  kind, 
homogeneous. 

oixolos :  of  the  same  sort,  like. 

ofjLOLo-iradeLa:  a  being  ajfccted  in 
like  manner,  likeness  of  suffer- 
ing.   Hence  homeopathy. 

o/jLos:  same. 

ovofxa,  gen.  duofxaT-os;  old  form 
generally  used  in  second  part 
of  a  compound,  opv/ia:  name. 
Compare  av-uvvfjLos,  anony- 
mous. 

6 1 6s:  sharp,  keen,  acid;  of 
sounds,  sharp,  shrill;  of  mo- 
tion, sivift. 

Sir,  root  found  in  some  tenses 
of  bpaoi'.  see. 

oir-TLKos:  pertaining  to  seeing 
or  sight,  optical;  b-KriKa,  things 
belonging  to  vision,  optics. 

opdco  (opa,  ox,  lb;  an  irregular 
verb  showing  three  entirely 
different  stems  in  its  different 
tenses):  see. 

bpyavov  (from  root  kpy,  work): 
a  tool,  an  instrument,  an  organ. 

bpdb-bo^o%  (6p06s+56^a) :  of  right 
opinion,  orthodox. 

bpObs:  straight,  upright,  right. 

bpi^oo  (opos) :  bound,  limit. 


bpi^wv  <.kvk\os>  :  the  bounding 

circle,  horizon. 
opvLs,  gen.  opvid-os:  bird,  fowl. 
opos:     boundary,    border,    limit, 

definition, 
bpcjyavbs:  without  parents,  father- 
less, orphan. 
bpx^o/xai:  dance. 
bpxv^TiKbs:    suited  for  dancing, 

relating  to  dancing,  orchestic. 
bpxvo'Tpa:    a  dancing  place,  the 

orchestra  or  dancing  place  in 

a  Greek  theater. 
bcTTkov:  a  bone. 
barpaKL^o}  {pcTTpaKov) :   to  banish 

by  votes  written  on  potsherds, 

ostracize. 
baTpaKLajjLos:  ostracism. 
oarpaKov:     a    potsherd,    a<.  clay 

tablet  used  in  voting;  a  shell, 
oh  pa :  tail, 
ovpov:  urine, 
ovs,  gen.  COT-OS :  ear. 
b(f)da\fxbs:  eye. 
oxXos:  a  crowd,  a  mob. 

n 

TradrjTLKos:  able  to  feel,  sensitive; 
suited  to  arouse  feeling,  pa- 
thetic. 

^irado-Xoyla:  the  science  of  dis- 
eases, pathology. 

Tra^o-XoytKos:  relating  to  telling 
about  diseases,  concerned  with 
the  science  of  diseases,  patho- 
logical, TadoXoyiKii  <.Tkxvy]> 
was  the  ancient  Greek  term 
for  pathology. 


VOCABULARY 


83 


iraBos  (vrao-xw) :  feeling,  suffer- 
ing, disease. 

J^aL^-a'Y(^iyia :  the  office  of  a  irai- 
dajooyos.  Eng.  deriv.  peda- 
gogy. 

7rai5-a7co76$  (7raTs+a7co) :  a  boy- 
leader,  a  trusty  slave  who 
cared  for  a  boy,  took  him  to 
school,  and  brought  him  home 
after  school  was  over.  The 
school  teacher  was  called  diSa- 
aKoXos.  The  English  word 
pedagogue,  derived  from  iraL- 
8ayo)y6s,  has  the  meaning  of 
the  Greek  word  6t6acr/(aXos. 

Trai-dev-TLKos:  of  or  for  teaching, 
instructional,  paedeutic. 

Traidevo}  (-Trais) :  bring  Up  a  child, 
train,  teach. 

TTOLs,  gen.  7rat5-6s :  child,boy, girl. 

XlaLOiv,  also  Ilatdv:  A  poll 0  as 
god  of  healing,  Paeon;  a  song 
of  thanksgiving,  or  triumph, 
originally  addressed  to  Apollo 
as  Paeon  or  god  of  healing,  a 
paean. 

Tratoji'tos:  belonging  to  Paeon, 
healing,  medicinal;  hence  Trat- 
oivia,  peony,  supposed  to  be 
medicinal  in  ancient  times. 

i:av-6.K€ia:   a  cure-all,  panacea. 

■Kav-aK7]s  (d/ceojuat):   all-healing. 

*Trav-6paixa  (opdco) :  a  seeing  of 
all,  panorama. 

TravT6-iJi.Lfjios:  an  imitator  of  all, 
an  actor  in  a  dumb-show. 
Hence  Eng.  pantomime. 
Trapd:  beside,  by  the  side  of; 
also  beside  in  the  sense  of  in 
violation  of,  contrary  to. 


Trapa- /SaXXw :  throw  beside,  placp 
beside,  compare. 

irapa-^oXrf.  a  placing  beside,  a 
comparison,  a  parable;  also 
in  mathematics  a  parabola. 

irapadeLffos:   a  park,  paradise. 

irapa-do^os:  beside  or  contrary 
to  opinion,  incredible,  para- 
doxical; Tvapado^ov,  a  para- 
dox. 

Trap-a\\r]\os  (aXXijXoLv) :  beside 
one  another,  side  by  side, 
parallel. 

Tvapa-OLTos  {alros,  food):  one 
who  eats  at  another's  table,  a 
parasite. 

TTapa-(t)pa(TLs:  a  telling  beside,  a 
retelling  in  different  form,  a 
paraphrase. 

irap-kv-deais:  a  putting  in  beside, 
an  insertion,  a  parenthesis. 

irapevdeTLKos:  parenthetic. 

ttSs,  gen.  -rravT-os,  neut.  nom. 
irdu:   all,  every. 

■jraax^  {t^clO,  irade) :  be  acted 
upon,  be  affected,  suffer,  feel, 
experience. 

Tvar-qp,  gen.  7rarp-6s:  father. 

iraTpLo.:  a  group  of  people  de- 
scended from  a  common  father, 
a  clan,  a  tribe,  a  family,  a 
race. 

TrarptapxT/s:  a  ruler  of  a  tribe, 
or  race,  chief  of  the  tribe,  father 
of  the  race,  patriarch.  In 
ecclesiastical  usage  the  bishop 
of  an  important  city  or  dis- 
trict, as  the  patriarch  of 
Rome,  of  Antioch,  etc. 


84 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


Trarptapxta:  the  office  oj  a  patri- 
arch, a  patriarchy. 

TrarptcoTTjs  (Trarpid) :  a  clans- 
man, tribesman,  countryman, 
citizen;  especially  one  who 
was  loyal  to  his  clan,  tribe,  or 
country,  a  patriot. 

waxv'depfxos :  thick-skinned,  pach- 
ydermoiis ;  ■!raxvb(:piJ.ov<Xo3ov'> , 
a  pachyderm. 

Traxw:  thick. 

ireipa:  trial,  attempt,  attack. 
iretpaTrjs:    one   who   attacks,    a 
pirate. 

Tretpdoj:  try,  attempt,  attack, 
irefxirco:  send,  escort. 
TrevTa-yoivos  {yoivla) :  having  five 

angles,  pentagonal,  pentagon. 
TvevTe:    five,    usually    irevra-   at 

the  beginning  of  a  compound 

word. 
Trept:  around,  about. 
Trepi-fieTpov:     measure    around, 

circumference,  perimeter. 

■Kepl-obos:  a  going  around,  a 
circuit,  a  cycle  of  time,  a 
period;  a  well-rounded  sen- 
tence, a  period. 

irepi-aTvXov  (arDXos) :  a  row  of 
columns  around  a  building  or 
court,  a  colonnade,  a  peristyle. 

irepi-Tovaiov  {TelvcS) :  that  which 
is  stretched  arotmd,  the  peri- 
tonaeum. 

7rept-0pa(Tts:    a  talking  around, 

circumlocution,  periphrasis. 
irkaaw  {ireTr)  :  soften,  cook,  digest, 
-k-rcikov:  leaf,  petal. 


irkipts  (Teffao)):  cooking,  diges- 
tion. 

TTiTrrco  (irer,  tttco)  :  fall. 

Tkavrjs,  gen.  ir\avriT-os:  a  wan- 
derer, a  wandering  star,  a 
planet. 

Tr\aa-/j,a  {■KKaaaw) :  what  is 
formed  or  molded,  a  formation; 
plasm  in  protoplasm,  etc. 

TrXdcro-w  (TrXar):  form,  mold, 
shape. 

ir'Kaa-TLKos:  capable  of  being 
molded,  relating  to  molding, 
plastic. 

irXevpa:  a  rib,  the  ribs,  the  side 
of  a  human  being  or  animal. 

ifKriyr}:     a    stroke,    a    blow,    a 

plague. 
TrXrjdoopr]:  fullness,  plethora. 
TXrjBo^pLKos:  plethoric. 
TrXoOros:   riches,  wealth. 
TTvevna  {irvew) :  ivind,  air,  breath, 

spirit. 

TTvev/jLar-LKos:  having  to  do  with 
wind  or  air,  pneumatic. 

TveviJ.o3v:  the  lungs. 

■Kvkoi  (-jTvev) :    breathe,  blow. 

Touw:  make,  compose. 

TTolrj/xa:  what  is  made,  a  work, 
composition,  poem. 

TToirjaLs:  creation,  poetry,  poesy. 

■KOLrjTris:   maker,  composer,  poet. 

TToXept/vos:   warlike,  polemic. 

TTokefjLos:  war. 

TToXtos:  g^ay. 

ttoXls:  city,  state. 

TToXtTT/s:  citizen. 


VOCABULARY 


85 


TToXv-yaixla:  a  being  much  mar- 
ried, or  having  many  wives, 
polygamy. 

7roXi/-7a^tos  (7a;ueaj):  often  mar- 
ried, polygamous. 

TToXv-'yoivos  (ywvla):  having 
many  angles,  polygonal. 

TToXv-fiopcpos :  having  many  forms, 
polymorphous. 

iroXvs:  much,  many. 

wofxTri]  {irkix-KcS) :  a  sending,  an 
escort,  parade,  procession, 
pomp. 

TTopos:  way,  passage,  pore. 

Torafxos'.  river. 

TTovs,  gen.  TTod-os:  foot. 

irpay/jia,  gen.  irpayfxaT-os  (irpaa- 
aw) :  that  which  has  been  done, 
deed,  act,  fact,  thing,  matter, 
affair,  business. 

irpayixaTLKos:  suited  for  affairs 
or  business,  business-like,  prac- 
tical, having  to  do  with  matter  of 
fact,  pragmatic,  pragmatical. 

irpaKTLKos:  fit  for  action,  able  to 
accomplish,  effective,  practical. 

Trpa^ts:  a  doing,  transaction, 
accomplishing. 

irpaaaco  {-wpay) :  do,  accomplish. 

Tpea^vrepos:  elder;  an  elder, 
presbyter. 

■jrpiafxa:  that  ivhich  has  been 
saivn,  prism. 

TTpico:  saw,  i.e.,  cut  with  a  saw. 

TTpo:  before, for, forth. 

irpo-^aWco  i^aX,  /SXry) :  throw 
before,  place  before,  put  for- 
ward, propose. 


irp6-^Xr]p.a:  what  is  put  for- 
ward, or  proposed,  proposition, 
problem. 

irpo-^XrjiJLaTLKos:  like  a  problem, 
problematic. 

Trpo-Xoyos:  a  speech  before,  a 
fore-word,  prologue. 

7rpo-7rat5eta:  preparatory  teach- 
ing. 

*Trpo-TraiOiVTLK6s'.  suited  for  pre- 
paratory instructio7i,  propae- 
deutic.    See  iraLbevoo. 

■jrpcjOT-aycovLcrrrjs :  first  contestant, 
chief  contestant,  protagonist. 

TvpoiTos'.  first. 

7rpo-(j)r]Tr)s  i4>VI^''-)  '■  one  who  speaks 
for  a  god  and  interprets  his 
will,  an  interpreter,  prophet; 
also  one  who  speaks  forth,  or 
proclaims;  later,  one  who  fore- 
tells, or  predicts. 

'jrpo-4>vXaKTLK6s  (4)vXa.a(roo) '.  able 
to  guard  before,  preventive, 
prophylactic. 

TTTepov:  wing. 

■KTOifxa  (TTtTTTOj) :  a  follen  body, 
corpse,  carcass. 

Tvov :  discharge  from  a  sore,  pus. 

ttvocj:  suppurate. 

TTvp:  fire. 

Trvpa/xis,  gen.  7rupa^tt(5-os :  a  pyra- 
mid. 

TTvpr]-.  a  ftmeral  fire,  pyre. 

TTvpoco:  burn,  set  ott  fire,  inflame. 

TTvpwdLs :  a  burning,  pyrosis. 

irvwaLs  (iruooo) :  suppuration, 
pyosis. 

TTcoXeco :   sell. 


86 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


peO^ua:    a  flow,  current,  stream; 

med.  a  discharge,  rheum. 
peco  (pe,  pev,  pv) :  flow. 
prjyvviJ.L     (priy,    pay):       break. 

Compare  hemorrhage. 
pr]-TOjp   (from   root  pe,  speak) : 

a     speaker,     orator,     rhetor. 

Hence  prirop-iKos,  rhetorical, 

and   prjTopiKr]    <,Tkxvr]'> ,  the 

art  of  speaking,  rhetoric. 
pi.voKepccs       (pLS-\-Kepas,      horn): 

nose-horn,  rhinoceros. 
p'ls,  gen.  piv-bs:   nose, 
pbhov:  a  rose, 
pvdpos  (peco):    flow,  rhythm. 


aapKa^u  (aapKad):  tear  the  flesh, 
bite  the  lips  in  rage,  speak  bit- 
ing words. 

(TapKaafjLos:  mockery ,  sa.Tca.sm. 

*ffapKaaTLK6s:  sarcastic. 

aapKo-cpayos:  flesh-eating,  flesh- 
eater,  sarcophagus. 

crap^,  gen.  aapK-os:  flesh. 

(xarvpos:  a  satyr.  The  satyrs 
were  imaginary  creatures,  half 
man  and  half  goat,  which 
formed  the  retinue  of  Diony- 
sus the  god  of  wine,  who  was 
also  called  Bacchus. 

anapos:  a  shaking,  an  earth- 
quake. 

aelcjo:  shake,  quake. 

afjpa:   a  sign. 

arjT-TLKos:  productive  of  decay, 
septic. 


arjirco:  make  rotten;  rot,  decay. 

aij^'Ls:  a  rotting,  decay,  putre- 
faction, sepsis. 

crdevos  (aOeves) :    strength. 

(jtros:  grain,  bread,  food. 

crKav8a\oi>:  a  trap,  snare;  scan- 
dal. 

aKeXerov:  a  dried-up  body,  miim- 

7ny,  skeleton. 
cr/ceXXw:  make  dry,  dry  up. 
cr/ceTT-rtKos:    inclined  to  look   at 

and  examine,  skeptical. 

(jKiTTTopai  (aKeir) :  look,  look  at, 
e.xamine,  consider. 

aKTjPT] :  a  tent,  a  booth;  the  tent  or 
building  ivhich  formed  the  back- 
ground in  a  Greek  theater, 
scene. 

aKTJTT-Tpov:  stafl,  scepter. 
aKriTTTOO  (cr/crjTr)  :  prop,  prop  one's 
self,  lean  upon. 

aK\r]p6s:  hard,  stiff. 
*aK\r]p6oj:  harden. 
(jKkrjp<jO(jLs:  a  hardenitig,  sclero- 
sis. 

*aK\7]pcoTLK6s:  hard,  stiff,  scler- 
otic. 

aKowos  (aKeiTTopaL) :  a  looker, 
look-out,  watcher;  the  object 
at  ivhich  one  looks,  mark,  aim, 
scope. 

ao(f)la:  wisdom. 

cro4>L^co,  mid.  (xo(j)L^opaL:  be  wise, 
act  wise,  be  crafty,  pretend  to 
be  wise. 

a64>Lapa:  a  sly  trick,  quibble, 
fallacy,  sophism. 


VOCABULARY 


87 


(jo4>i(jTr)s'.  a  wise  man,  a  pro- 
fessor of  wisdom,  a  pretender 
to  wisdom,  a  sophist. 

aofpos'.  wise. 

airaa/jLOs  (crTrdco)  :  a  convulsion , 
spasm. 

airaa/jLcodris  (elSos) :  like  a  spas  in, 
spasmodic. 

cTTrdco:  draw,  pull,  wrench,  con- 
vulse. 

cnreLpco  {airep) :  scatter,  sow. 

cnvkpixa,  gen.  crxepyuar-oj:  what 
is  sown,  seed. 

awX-qu:  the  spleen. 

(Tiropa  (aireipco)  :  sowing,  seed. 

airopos:   sowing,  seed,  spore. 

(TTCL-aLs  ('[(jT-qixL) :  a  standing, 
state,  condition. 

ara-TLKos:  catising  to  stand  still, 

standing  still,  static. 
o-reXXco  (crreX) :   send,  despatch, 
arepeos:   solid. 
aTtpvov.    the   breast,   chest;    in 

modern  medicine,  breastbone, 

sternum. 

ark4)avos:  a  wreath,  garland, 
crown. 

(TTiyixa:  a  prick  made  tvith  a 
pointed  instrument,  puncture, 
mark,  brand,  stigma. 

oTOjiaxos:  throat,  gullet;  late 
Greek,  stomach. 

(TTpaTrjyko::  be  a  general,  exer- 
cise generalship. 

arpaTrjytjfjLa:    an  act  of  general- 
ship, a  stratagem. 
aTpuT-qyia:  generalship,  strategy. 


arpaTTjyLKos:  suited  for  a  general, 
strategic. 

(TTpar-qyos  (crrpar6s  +  a7co) :  o?i 
army-leader,  general. 

(XTparos:  army,  cam.p. 

(TTpt4>co:  turn. 

cFTpocpr]:  a  turning;  a  portion  of 
a  song  sung  during  a  turn  or 
evolution  of  the  chorus,  a 
strophe,  a  stanza. 

arvXos:   pillar,  post,  column. 

(Tvy-xovdpcoaLs  (xopSpos) :  a  unit- 
ing of  cartilage,  or  by  means  of 
cartilage,  synchondrosis. 

dvkaw:  strip  of,  carry  of,  plun- 
der. 

avX-Xa^T]-.  what  is  taken  together, 
a  syllable. 

<jv\-\a p^dvo)  (Xa/3,  Xt^jS)  :  take 
together. 

avX-Xeyw:  gather,  collect. 
(TiiX-\oy7i:  a  gathering  together,  a 
collection,  sylloge. 

avX\oyi^oiJ.aL:  collect  or  con- 
clude from  premises,  reason, 
infer,  conclude. 

avWoyLafxos:  a  conclusion  from 
premises,  an  argwnent  from 
premises,  a  syllogism. 

(Tvp^oXov  (jSdXXoj):  what  is  put 
together  with  something,  a  sign 
or  token  by  which  sotnething, 
or  some  person,  is  recognized, 
a  token,  sign,  badge,  symbol. 

ovji-irddeLa:  a  feeling  with  one,  a 
felloiv-feeling,  sympathy. 

avp-iradeco:  feel  with  one,  sym- 
pathize. 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


avuiradrjTLKds:  able  to  feel  with 
one,  sympathetic. 

(jvix-ttIttto:  (ttto))  :  fall  together 
with,  happen  with,  occur  with. 

(TvfxiTTo^fia:  what  occurs  with 
anything,  a  symptom. 

avix({>v(ns  (</)L'a)):  a  growing  to- 
gether, symphysis. 

avn4)(jiv'La  ((})(j}pr]):  a  sounding 
with,  a  concord  of  sounds, 
symphony. 

avficjioovos :  soiPnding  together,  ac- 
cordant, harmonious. 

avv:  with,  together  with,  together, 
avv  in  compounds  takes  dif- 
ferent forms,  depending  upon 
the  letter  which  follows  it, 
and  so  appears  as  avv-,  av\-, 
aviJr,  av-. 

(Tvv-aywyrj  (ayo)) :  a  bringing  to- 
gether, an  assembly,  a  meeting, 
a  place  of  meeting,  synagogue. 

(Tvv-apdpooaLs :  a  joining  together, 
union  by  an  immovable  joint, 
synarthrosis.     See  apdpcjai^. 

a  vv-dta/jLos  (Seco) :  that  which 
binds  together,  a  band,  bond; 
a  binding  together,  like  avv- 
Secrts. 

*avv-bkanoiaL%:  a  binding  to- 
gether, syndesmosis. 

avv-de-ais  (rt^Tj/it) :  a  putting 
together,  synthesis. 

avv-Be-TLKos  {Ti6r]nc) :  able  to  put 
together,  constructive ,  sy  n  th  e  tic. 

avv-l(TTr]fjLL:  set  together,  stand 
together. 

avv-obos  (656s):  a  coming  to- 
gether, meeting,  synod. 


avv-TaKTLKbs  (tActo-co):  i^elating 
to  arranging  together,  having 
to  do  with  syntax,  syntactical. 

cvv-ra^Ls:  an  arranging  together, 
primarily  of  soldiers  in  an 
army;  in  grammar,  syntax. 

(Tvv-TiO-r]p.i:  put  together,  con- 
struct. 

avpLy^,  gen.  avpiyy-os:  a  shep- 
herd's pipe.  Pans  pipe,  syrinx; 
a  pipe,  or  tube.     Eng.  syringe. 

av-aTTjua  {(Tvv-l(TTr]pi):  any- 
thing set  together,  an  organized 
whole,  system. 

(TvaTrjiiaTLKos:  systematic. 

(T<l)OA,pa:   a  ball,  globe,  sphere. 

a(l)aipo-eL8r]s  (el8os):  like  a 
sphere,  spheroid. 

<x(l)lyyco:  bind,  tie. 

(T(j)LyKTiip:  a  binder,  band,  sphinc- 
ter. 


cr<f)Lyy-6s:       the 
pulse. 


like 


S</)t7?,     gen. 
Sphinx. 

cr(f)vyiJL0-ei8ris: 
sphygmoid. 

(r(l)vyp.6s:  a  throbbing,  the  beat- 
ing of  the  heart,  the  pulse. 

<T(})v^o3(a<j)vy):  throb,  beat,  pul- 
sate. 

(JXniJ-o-j  gen.  axwa.T-os  (exco): 
the  way  a  thing  holds  itself, 
form,  figure,  appearance,  bear- 
ing, character,  plan,  scheme. 

o-xtf  w  (ffxtS) :  split,  cleave. 

ax'i-o'ixa:  a  cleft,  split,  division, 
schism. 

(Txi-(^P'0-'''-i-Kos:  like  a  schism, 
schismatic. 


VOCABULARY 


89 


*o'xto'To-7Xwcr(rta:  a  congenital 
fissure  or  cleft  of  the  tongue. 

*axi-crT6-KVTos :  a  split  cell,  schis- 
tocyte. 

axi-(^Tos:  Split,  cleft,  divided, 
divisible;  schist. 

o-XoXdf  CO  (ffxoXaS) :  have  leisure, 
attend  lectures  of  a  philosopher, 
devote  one's  self  to  learning. 

axokaffTLKos:  inclined  to  learn- 
ing; a  scholar,  scholastic. 

axoKi]:  leisure;  leisure  spent  in 
learning,  learned  discussion, 
lecture;  the  place  of  lectures 
and  discussions,  school. 

T 

TaK-TiKos  {raacrui) :  able  to  ar- 
range or  draw  up  troops,  re- 
lating to  the  arrangement  of 
soldiers,  "tactical;  TanTLKo.: 
matters  relating  to  the  arrange- 
ment of  troops,  tactics. 

Ta^Ls:  an  arranging  of  troops, 
battle  array,  arrangement, 
order,  arranging,  taxis. 

Taaaw  (ray) :  arrange,  put  in 
order,  assign  to  a  post. 

Ta<i>os:   a  grave,  tomb. 

rdvco  (rev,  to)  :    stretch. 

TkKTwv:  carpenter,  builder,  work- 
man, craftsman. 

TeKos:   end,  completion,  purpose. 

Tefjivco  {rijj) :  cut. 

Texvr] :  art,  skill,  craft,  trade. 

TrjXe:  far,  afar. 

TldrjiJLL  (de):  put,  place. 

Tltclv:  a  Titan. 

TtraviKos:  like  a  Titan,  Titanic. 


TOfjLrj  (refxvo:) :  a  cutting,  a  surgi- 
cal operation;  what  is  cut  of, 
a  stunip,  a  section. 

TOjios'.  a  cut,  slice,  section; 
part  of  a  book,  volume,  tome. 

ToviKos  (tovos)  :  relating  to  ten- 
sion, or  tone,  tonic. 

Tovos  (Telvo)) :  a  stretching,  ten- 
sion, tone,  tune. 

To^LKos:  of  or  for  the  bow;  to^ikoi' 
(papixaKov:  poison  for  smearing 
arrows;  toxic,  toxin. 

To^ov:  a  bow. 

TOTTiKos:  relating  to  a  place,  local, 
topical. 

TOTTos:  place,  position,  part,  pas- 
sage in  a  book,  topic. 

TpayiKos :  of  a  goat,  or  of  goats; 
tragic.     See  Tpaywdla. 

T  pay  as:  a  goat. 

Tpay(a8ia  (from  rpayos  and 
aeldw,  sing,  cloloos,  singer) : 
goat-song,  tragedy.  The 
Greek  tragedy  grew  out  of  the 
old  dithyrambic  songs  which 
were  sung  by  a  chorus  of 
satyrs,  or  goat-like  creatures, 
and  so  could  be  called  goat- 
song.  The  name  tragedy  was 
a  survival  from  the  early 
times  and  was  retained  after 
it  was  no  longer  appropriate 
in  its  etymological  sense. 
The  Greek  tragedy  of  the 
classical  period  was  a  very 
serious  composition  and  did 
not  have  a  chorus  of  goats  or 
satyrs,  except  in  an  after- 
piece, or  farce,  which  closed 
the  day's  performances. 


90 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


rpaxvs,  fern,  rpaxeta:  rough, 
ri  rpaxiio.  KapTrjpla'^ :  the 
whidpipe,  trachea. 

rpeTTCo:  turn. 

Tpe(l)(jo:  nourish,  nurture. 

Tpi-:  prefix  meaning  three,  being 
the  stem  of  rpets,  three. 

*TpL-yojvo-fxeTpia :  triangle-meas- 
urement, trigonometry. 

Tpi-jwpos:  having  three  angles, 
triangular;  in  tlie  neuter,  a 
triangle. 

TpL-irovs,  gen.  TpL-iro8-os:  having 
three  feet,  three-legged;  a  three- 
legged  stool,  or  table,  a  tripod. 

TpoTTotov  (tpottt])  '.  3.  monument 
or  sign  which  marked  the 
spot  where  the  enemy  was 
routed,  a  trophy. 

TpoTTT]  (Tpeirco):  a  turning;  turn- 
ing back  of  the  sun,  solstice, 
tropic;  a  turning,  or  routing 
of  the  enemy,  rout,  defeat. 

Tpoiros:  a  turn,  ivay,  manner; 
a  turn  of  speech,  figure  of 
speech,  trope. 

TVTos  (tutttco):  a  bloiv,  impres- 
sion of  a  blow,  imprint,  mark, 
character,  form,  original  form, 
type. 

TVTTTO)  (tutt):   strikc,  beat. 

Tvpaupos:  king,  tyrant. 

Tvpos:  cheese. 


'TaKLvdos :  Hyacinthus,  a  legend- 
ary youth  beloved  by  the  god 
Apollo  and  accidentally  slain 


by   him.      The   hyacinth,    a 

flower  said  to  have  sprung 
from  the  blood  of  Hyacinthus. 

vyleia:  health. 

iiyLei-vos:  healthful,  healthy,  hy- 
gienic; vyLHvri  <Texvn>:  the 
art  or  science  of  health,  hy- 
giene. 

vSaris,  gen.  vSarid-os  (vdcop):  a 
drop  of  water;  in  med.  a 
watery  vesicle,  a  hydatid. 

vbpa:   a  water-serpent,  hydra. 

vdpavKLKos  (vSpavXis) :  of  water- 
pipes;  vdpavXiKov  bpyavov:  a 
musical  instrument  with  pipes 
operated  by  the  movement  of 
•W2iter, a  water-organ,  hydraulic 
organ.  Hence  English  hy- 
draulic. 

v8p-av\Ls  (v8<jop-{-av\6s,  a  pipe): 
a  musical  instrument  con- 
sisting of  pipes  made  to  sound 
by  means  of  moving  water,  a 
water-organ,  same  as  vSpavXi- 
Kov  bpyavov.     See  section  134. 

*v8po-cFTaTLK6s  {iaTrjut) :  having 
to  do  with  standing  water, 
hydrostatic. 

v8po-(j>oPia:  horror  of  water, 
hydrophobia. 

v8po-c})6^os  (</)oj3eoyuat) :  having 
a  horror  of  water. 

v8po-(f)6pos  (0epco) :  a  water- 
carrier;  hydrophore. 

v8(jip,  gen.  \)8aT-os:  water.  In 
compounds  the  stem  usually 
takes  the  form  v8p-  before 
vowels  and  \)8po-  before  con- 
sonants. 


VOCABULARY 


91 


vfiriv,  gen.  vfxh-os:  a  thin  skin, 
membrane;  the  hymen.  'Tfirju, 
Hymen,  the  god  of  mar- 
riage. Hence  vfihaLos,  wed- 
ding-song, hymenaeus.  Eng. 
deriv.  hymeneal. 

vpLvos:  a  song  of  praise  to  gods 
and  heroes,  a  hymn. 

v/jLv-coSla  (det5co) :  hymn-singing, 
hymnody. 

uwep:  over,  above,  beyond,  be- 
yond due  measure. 

vTrep^aWw.  throw  beyond,  ex- 
ceed; throw  beyond  the  mark, 
go  to  excess. 

virep^oXr]:  excess,  exaggeration, 
hyperbole,  hyperbola. 

*vTep-Tpo(t)ia  (rpe^co) :  over- 
nourishment,  hypertrophy. 

vTTvos:  sleep. 

vTvoo}'.  put  to  sleep. 

*inrvc)}aLs:  a  state  of  sleep,  hyp- 
nosis. 

vTTPCiOTLKos:  causing  sleep,  hyp- 
notic. 

VTTO'.  under. 

vwo-OeaLS  {Tidrnii) :  a  placing 
under,  what  is  placed  under, 
a  foundation,  supposition,  hy- 
pothesis. 

vTTo-deTLKos:  of  the  nature  of  a 
hypothesis,  hypothetical. 

viroKpLTT]s:  an  actor,  pretender, 
hypocrite. 

VTTO-Teipovaa  (Teivcx}) :  stretching 
under,  subtending,  hypotenuse. 
This  form  is  the  feminine 
of  the  present  participle  of 


viroreluoo  and  agrees  with  the 
noun  ypafjLfjLr],  a  line.  17  viro- 
Teivovaa  ypanpLT]  means  liter- 
ally '  'the  line  stretching  under. ' ' 

i'TTo-^dvo} :   stretch  under,  subtend. 

*VTro-Tpo(f)ia  (rpe0co) :  under- 
nourishment, hypotrophy. 

vTo-x6v8pios:  under  the  carti- 
lage of  the  breastbone;  neut. 
viroxovbpiov,  the  part  of  the 
body  immediately  under  or 
below  the  cartilage  of  the  breast- 
bone. 

ixptv  (uTTo-f-eV,  one):  under  one, 
together;  a  sign  for  joining 
two  words  into  one,  a  hyphen. 


0a7  (root  of  second  aorist 
4>a'yeZv,  to  eat) :   eat,  devour'. 

^aLvbjjLevov  ((^ati'o^cat) :  what  is 
sJwivn  or  appears,  anything 
manifest  to  the  senses,  phenom- 
enon. 

(f)alvcx)  {<i>av),  mid.  and  pass. 
4>a'i.vojxaL:  show,  manifest;  be 
shown,  show  itself,  appear. 

0a.Xa7^,  gen.  (paXajy-os:  line 
of  battle,  phalanx;  also  a 
round  piece  of  wood,  a  roller, 
the  bone  between  two  joints  of 
the  fingers  and  toes,  plural  pha- 
langes. 

*<Pai'ep6-yafxos'.  having  visible 
marriage,  phanerogamous;  a 
phanerogam. 

(I)avep6s  {(palvcjo):  shown,  visible, 
manifest. 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


(f>avTa^(jo  (lengthened  form  from 
(f)aivoci) :  make  visible,  make  to 
appear;  mid.  and  pass.  (})av- 
TatofxaLi  become  visible, appear, 
take  on  an  appearance,  appear 
like,  assume  the  appearance 
of.  (f)avTa^o}  and  its  deriva- 
tives often  have  in  them  the 
suggestion  of  an  unreal,  or 
deceptive,  appearance  unlike 
(f)a'ivco  which  is  used  of  real, 
or  actual,  manifestations. 

(j)avTa(Tia  (^avraf  co) :  appear- 
ance, imagination,  fantasy, 
fancy. 

(^dvTaaixa:  that  which  has  ap- 
peared, a  phantasm,  a  phan- 
tom. 

*(f)avTa(rfxayopla:  an  assemblage 
of  phantasms,  a  phantasma- 
gory. 

4)app.aK€'La:  the  use  of  drugs, 
pharmacy. 

(fiapnaKeu-TLKos:  relating  to  drugs 
or  pharmacy,  pharmaceutic. 

4)apixaKtvw.  drug,  administer 
drugs,  deal  in  drugs. 

(i)apjjLaKov:  a  drug,  medicine, 
philter,  poison. 

(^apixaKo-TTOua  (-Trotew) :  drug- 
making,  pharmacopeia. 

(t)apvy^:  the  throat,  the  pharynx. 

(paaLS  (for  tpav-ais  from  tpalvw, 
stem  4>av) :  appearance,  phase. 

0epa):   bear,  carry,  bring. 

4>r]ixi  {4>a) :  say,  affirm. 

(pdeyyofxai :  titter  a  sound,  speak 
loud  and  clear. 

<f>d6yyos:   a  sound,  voice. 


4>L\-av9pcoTla:  love  of  human 
beings,  humanity,  benevolence, 
philanthropy. 

({>i\-av6po}Tros:  loving  mankind, 
benevolent,  humane,  philan- 
thropic. 

0tXeco:    love,   be  fond  of,  be  a 

friend  to. 

(f)l\-LTTros  {t-mros) :  loving  horses, 
fond  of  horses;    Philip. 

</)tX6-5r7juos:   loving  the  people. 

(f)L\6-\oyos:  loving  speech  or 
words,  fond  of  literature;  a 
student  of  language  and  litera- 
ture, a  philologue,  philologist. 

(pLXo-fxadijs  (fiados,  p.avd6.vw) : 
fond  of  learning;  a  person  who 
is  fond  of  learning,  a  philo- 
math. 

(/)tXos:  friend,  lover. 

4>LXo-(To4>la:  love  of  wisdom,  phi- 
losophy. 

({)L\6-ao(t)os:  a  lover  of  wisdom, 
philosopher. 

(pXeyco:    burn,  flame,  blaze. 

4>\e\l/,  gen.  0Xe/3-6s:   a  vein. 

(f)\6^,  gen.  4)Xoy-6s  {(jAeyco):  a 
flame,  blaze,  phlox. 

4>o^toiJ.aL :  be  afraid,  fear. 

cf)6^os :  fear,  dread,  terror. 

(f)o7^os,  fem.  (pol^T]:  pure,  bright, 
radiant;  used  as  an  epithet  of 
Apollo  and  his  twin  sister 
Artemis,  so  that  Apollo  was 
often  called  ^ol^os,  Phoebus, 
and  Artemis  ^oi^r],  Phoebe. 

(ppay/j-a  {<l)pa.(Tau>) :  fence,  screen, 
defence. 


VOCABULARY 


93 


(^pAf CO  (<t>pa8) :  show,  tell,  declare. 

(f)pa<xLs :  utterance,  expression, 
phrase,  phraseology. 

4>pa(Tau)  {4>pay) :  build  a  fence, 
fence  in,  fortify. 

(f)v\a^Ls:  a  watching,  guarding, 
phylaxis. 

4>vKa(r(T0i  {4)v\aK):  guard,  pro- 
tect. 

(f)vXKov:  a  leaf. 

4>v\ov:   a  race,  a  tribe. 

(f)V(nK6s:  relating  to  nature,  natu- 
ral, physical. 

4>vaLo\oyla :  study  of  nature,  nat- 
ural philosophy,  physiology. 

4>v(no\byo<s  (</)i'(ns-f-Xe7co) :  one 
who  discourses  about  nature, 
a  natural  philosopher,  a  physi- 
ologist. 

(t)V(n%    ((f)  vcc):      growing,    what 

grows,  nature. 
4>vt6v:   that  which  has  grown,  a 

plant,  a  tree. 
(f>vca:  grow. 
<pccvrj:  sound,  voice. 
0COS,  gg«.  0cor-6s:  light. 
(f)co(r-<t>6pos  (</)epw) :  light-bearing; 

a    light-bearer.     Eng.    deriv. 

phosphorous. 


xatTTj:  hair,  especially  long  flow- 
ing hair. 

Xaos:  chaos. 

XapaKTTjp   (xapaaaco) :    a   mark, 
impress,  stamp,  character. 


Xo-pkcaoi  {xf'^P^'^'-  scratch,  fur- 
row, engrave. 

xaaixa :  a  yaivning,  a  chasm. 

xetp."  hand. 

*X(i-po-fxavTeia  {tiavrts) :  fortune- 
telling  from  the  hand,  palmis- 
try, chiromancy. 

X^i-povpyia  (epy,  work) :  a  work- 
ing with  the  hand,  handicraft; 
in  medicine,  operating  with 
the  hand,  surgery,  chirurgery. 

X^i-povpyLKos:  relating  to  surgery, 
surgical,  chirurgical. 

X^t.povpy6s:  a  handworker,  a 
surgeon,  chirurgeon. 

Xipatpa :  a  she-goat;  a  fabulous 
monster  part  lion,  part  goat, 
and  part  serpent;  hence  Eng- 
lish chimera,  and  chimerical. 

xKwpbs :  light  green,  green. 

xoavr]  (x^co) :  a  funnel. 

xbvbpos:  groat,  grit,  lump; 
gristle,  cartilage. 

xopbrj:    a  gut,  a  string  made  of 

gut  for  a  lyre  or  harp,  a  chord, 

a  cord. 
xopos:  a  dancing  place,  a  dance, 

a  band  of  dancers  and  singers, 

a  chorus,  choir. 

xptcros  (xptw) :  anointed;  6 
XpLaros,  the  anointed  one, 
Christ. 

xptco:  anoint. 

XpoPLKos:  relating  to  time;  of 
long  duration,  chronic. 

xpopos :   time. 

xpvffos:  gold. 

xpcopa:  color,  chrome. 


94 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


i/'dXXco:     twang    a    bow    string,      w5i7  (contracted  form  of  a.oibi\ 
play  a  lyre,  or  harp.  from  adbw,  sing) :   song,  ode. 

^AiX^a:    fl  /^m.   />/ay.^  on  the     ^^^^o^^^^ace  of  song,  music  hall, 

o)deco  {(jjd) :  push,  thrust,  shove, 
ioov:  egg. 

(bpa:  season,  hour. 
05(7 juos  (d)0eco) :  a  pushing,  thrust- 
ing, shoving. 
*cbaiJ.(jO(ns :  a  pushing,  osmosis. 


harp,  or  lyre. 

i/'aX^tos :  a  song  sung  to  the  music 
of  the  harp,  a  psalm. 

\[/ev8os:  a  falsehood,  lie. 

^pvxf]'    breath,  life,  soul,  spirit, 
mind. 


VI.     INDEX    AND  KEY  TO  DERIVATION 


144.  The  Greek  words  are  intended  to  suggest  the  deriva- 
tion of  the  English  words  which  they  follow.  These  Greek 
words  and  the  words  related  to  them  should  be  looked  up  in 
the  vocabulary  by  anyone  who  wishes  to  trace  the  derivation 
of  the  English  words.  The  numbers  refer  to  sections  in  this 
book. 


acme,  aKiirj 

acoustic,  OLKOVaTLKOS 

acrobat,  aKpo^arijs 
acrobatic 

aeronaut  34,  79,  arjp,  vavrr]% 
aesthetic  43,  84,  aladr]TLK6s 
agnostic  41,  ayvcoarLKos 
agonize,  aywviau 
agony,  ayccvia 
agronomy  121 
alms,  eXe-qixoaiivT] 
alphabet  i 
amethyst,  aiukduaros 
amoeba,  aixoi^i] 
amorphous  107 
amphioxus,  d/i^t,  o^us 
amphitheater  51,  100,  III  {b) 
anabolic  117,  ava^okiKos 
anabolism  117,  ava^okiaixos 
anaemia  (anemia),  av-,  al/ia 
anaesthesia  77,  avaicFdiqaLa 
anaesthetic  53,  84 
analgesia,  avoKy-qala 
analogous  129,  avako'yos 
analysis  77,  avoXvai^ 
analytic,  analytical  84 
anarchy  116 
anathema  51,  dva,  tlOtj/jll 


anatomy  75,  avaroixi] 

anecdote  83 

anemometer  aveixos,  jxtTpov 

anemone,  avep-wv-rj 

angel  10 

angiosperm,  ayyeiov,  aivkpixa 

anodyne  53 

anomalous,  avwjioXos 

anomaly,  a.vwp.a\ia 

anonymous,  av-,  owixa;  see  ovoixa 

antagonism  96  (/) 

antagonist  96  (/),  a.PTayojPLaTr]'; 

antagonistic  96  (/) 

antagonize  96  (/),  auraycci'l^o- 

fxai 
antarctic,  avTi,  apKTos 
anthem,  avriipcovos 
anther  38 

anthophorous,  av9os,  cp^pcjo 
anthropoid  94 

anthropology,  avQpwKos,  Xeyco 
anthropomorphism,     apSpcciros, 

Hop4)ri 
antidote  42,  51,  83 
antinomy  121 
antistrophe,  olptL,  arpoc})-}] 
antithesis  iii 
antithetic  iii 


95 


96 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


antitoxin,  apri,  to^lkos 
apathetic  53,  118 
apathy  118,  airadHa 
apheresis  loi 
apology  51,  d7roXo7ta 
apostasy  51,  112 
apostate  112,  air oaTb-Tt]^ 
apostle,  o.TrbaToKo'i 
apostrophe,  airoaTpo4>ii 
apothecary  iii 
apothegm,  a'7r6(f)6e'Y/jLa 
aptera,  d-,  -Krepov 
arachnida,  apaxvr] 
archaeologist  116 
archaeology  116 
archaic  116 
archangel  116 
archetype  116 
archiblast  116 
architect  116 
architectonic  116 
archives  116 
arctic,  ap^ros 
argon  135 
argonaut  79 
aristocracy  47,  131 
aristocrat  131 
aristocratic  131 
arithmetic  32,  92,  96  (b) 
artery,  apTrjpia 
arthritis  93,  no 
arthropoda,  apdpov,  ttoDs 
arthrosis  73,  no 
article  48 
asbestos,  aa^earos 
ascetic,  aaK'ijTLKos 
aseptic  53 
aspirates  64  (i) 
aster,  aarqp 
asteroid  94 
asthenia,  dadkveia 
asthma,  aaOna 


astrologer  85,  86,  100,  III  (a), 

102,  124 
astrological  124 
astrologize  103 
astrology  86,  102,  103,  124 
astronomer  121,  103  note 
astronomize  103 
astronomy  103,  121 
asylum,  aavKos 
atheism,  a-,  6e6$ 
athlete  76 

atmosphere,  ar/ids,  aipatpa 
atom,  olto/jlos 
atrophy,  a.Tpo(t)la        • 
authentic,  avdevriKos 
autobiography,      aiiTos,      /Sios, 

7pd<^aj 
autocracy  131 
autocratic,  ai'T6s,  Kp6.Tos 
autograph  47 
automatic,  avTOfjiaTLKos 
automaton,  avrop-aros 
autopsy  45,  avTOxpia 
axiom,  d^tco/ia 
azygos,  a^vyos 

barbarian  96  (/) 
barbarism  77,  96  (/) 
barbarize  77,  96  (/) 
baritone  (barytone),  ^apvrovos 
barometer,  ^apos,  jj-kxpov 
base,  basis  36 
Bible,  ^L^Xiov 

bibliotheca  in,  ^L^XLod-qK-q 
biographer  85,  86 
biography  86 
biologize  127 
biology,  /3tos,  Xe7co 
bionomics,  jStos,  vbixos 
bishop  139,  eTrlaKOTTOs 
botany,  fioTaurj 
brachiopod,  /Spaxtcoj/,  irovs 


INDEX  AND  KEY  TO  DERIVATION 


97 


bronchia  lo 
bronchitis  93 
bucolic,  /Soi'KoXt/cos 
butter,  ^oinvpov 

calisthenics  53,  koXKl-,  adhos 

calligraphy,  /caXXt-,  jpacpon 

calyx, KoKv^ 

canon  34 

carcinoma,  Kapdvos 

cardiac  90 

carpophore,  Kapiros,  </)epco 

catabolic  117 

catabolism  117 

catalepsy,  KaTa\ri4".s 

catalog  51,  KaraXoyos 

cataract  51,  /carapdo-crco 

catarrh  71,  Karappoos 

catastrophe  51,  KaraaTpo<pT] 

category,  KaTrjyopla 

cathedral,  Kadkpba 

Catholic,  KadoKiKos 

caustic,  KavffTLKos 

cauterize,  KauTrjptdj'co 

cemetery,  KOLix-q-rripLov 

cenotaph,  Kevos,  Td(/)os 

center,  Kevrpov 

chaetognatha,  x^trT],  -yvados 

chaos,  xo-os 

chaotic 

character,  xf^po-Ktijp 

characterize 

chasm,  xo.o'M'^ 

chirography  34,  x^tp 

chiromancy  108,  x^^poixavrda 

chirurgery  135 

chirurgical  135 

chlorophyll,  x)^wpb$,  4)vK\ov 

choanocyte,  xoa.prj,  kvtos 

choir,  xopos 

chondrectomy,  xovhpos,  k,  repvo^ 

chondrotome,  xoi'Spos,  repvoo 


chord,  xop5i7 

chorus  22 

Christ,  xp'i-^,  XPi-'^T^^ 

chronic,  xpoviKos 

chronology,  xpovcs,  XeTco 

chronometer,  xpovos,  ixerpov 

chrysanthemum,  xP^<^os,avdepov 

cladophyl,  K\a8os,  4>v\\ov 

cleptocratic  131 

cleptomania,  /cXerTTjs,  fiavla 

climax  34 

clinic,  kKlvlkos 

coelenterata,  koTKos,  evrepov 

coelomata,  KoiKwfia 

coleoptera,  KoXeos,  inkpov 

colon,  KuiXop 

comedy,  /ccopwSta 

comet,  KOjjLTjT-qs 

comic,  KwpLKos 

comma,  Kopfxa 

compound  words  62,  98  ft. 

cord,xop5i7 

Corinth  89 

Corinthian  89 

corruptions  139 

cosmetic  96  {b) 

cosmogony,  Koapos,  ylyvofxaL 

cosmopolitan  32 

cosmos,  Koapos 

cotyledon,  KOTv\r)8cov 

crasis,  /cpdats 

crater  76 

crisis  41,  77 

critic  30 

critical  41 

crocus, KpOKOS 

cr>T)t  83 
cryptogam  83 
cryptogram  41,  83 
crystal,  KpvaToXXos 
ctenophore,  /crets,  (pepco 
cube,  Kv^os 


98 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


cyclamen,  Ku/cXd/^tvos 

cycle,  kvkXos 

cylinder,  KvKivdpos 

cynosure,  Kwos-ovpa 

Cyrus  22 

cyst,  cystis,  Kvans 

cystectomy,  Kvans,  eKrenvw 

cyte,  KVTos 

cytoblast,  kvtos,  (SXacrros 

cytogenesis,  kvtos,  yeueats 

cytoplasm,  kvtos,  irXaajj-a 

dacryrrliea,  baKpvppoia 

deacon,  haKovos 

deleterious,  driXeofxaL 

demagogic  133 

demagogue  133 

demagogy  133 

democracy  131 

democrat  131 

democratic  38,  131 

demon  34 

denominative  60 

dermatology  34 

despot,  SecTTrorrjs 

despotic 

despotism 

deuteroplasm,  Sevrepos,  irXaa/j-a 

devil  139,  Std/SoXos 

diadem,  oid5r?/xa 

diagonal,  diayoovos 

diagram,  5td,  ypacfxj: 

dialect  129,  StaXeyofJLaL 

dialectic  129 

dialogue  129 

diameter  51 

diaphanous  119 

diaphragm  51 

diarrhea,  diappoia 

diarthrosis  no 

diastase  112 

diastasis  112 


diastatic  112 
diastem  112 
diathesis  iii 
diathetic  in 
didactic,  SidaaKco 
dieresis  loi 
diet  30,  Statra 
dilemma  53,  SiXrjiJLiJLa 
diocese,  Stoueo-ts 
diosmosis,  otd,  uafxos 
diphtheria,  6i(})depa 
diphthong  12,  53. 
diploma,  StTrXco^a 
diplomat 
diplomatic 
diptera,  8l-,  -wrkpov 
dogma  34,  132 
dogmatic  132 
dogmatism  132 
dogmatist  132 
dogmatize  132 
dose  42 

double  consonants  64  (4) 
doxology  132 
drachm,  dpaxp-v 
drama  34,  41,  78 
drastic,  dpaanKos 
dryad,  8pvs 
dynamic  36,  44 
dynamite,  dvvafxis 
dynamo   (dynamo-electric   ma- 
chine), 8vvaiJ.LS 
dynasty  44,  SwaaTeia 
dysentery  53,  6vs-,  eurepov 
dyspepsia  41,  53 

eccentric  51,  eKKeprpLKos 
echo,  ^x'*^ 
eclectic  130 
eclogue  130 
ecology,  OLKos,  X€7aj 
economic  121 


INDEX  AND  KEY  TO  DERIVATION 


99 


economics  121 

economist  121 

economize  121 

economy  20,  104,  121 

ecstasy  112 

ecstatic  112 

-ectomy,  eKTOiui],  kre/zi'co 

egoism  49 

egoistic  49 

egotism  49 

egotistic  49 

elastic,  eXao-ruos 

electric  136,  ^XeKTpov 

electrolysis  41 

electro-magnet,  fi^eKrpov,  May- 

vrJTLs 
elegiac,  eXeyeLaKos 
elegy,  eXeyetov 
elephant,  eXe^as 
emblem  117 
embryo,  efx^pvov 
emphasis  119 
emphatic  119 
emporium,  eidiropiov 
encaustic  51,  h,  KavariKos 
encephalus  19,  eTw^aXos 
enchiridion  19,  eyx^i-pi-^iov 
encomium  10 
endemic,  h,  Srjixos 
endocarp,  ei'Sov,  Kapirbs 
endogen  52 

endosmosis,  'ivbov,  ccaidtoaLS 
energetic  135 
energy  51,  135 
enhydrous  51,  kv,  vbu)p 
enigma,  alvLyixa 
enthusiasm,  evdovaiaaidos 
enthusiast,  evdovaiaaTrjs 
enthusiastic,  hdovaiaarLKos 
entomology,  evTOfxov,  \eyco 
entomostraca,  Ivtoixov,  oarpaKoi' 
ephemeral,  cvrt,  ijnepa 


epiblast,  kirl,  ^Xaards 

epic,  kiTLKos 

epidemic,  kiri,  8riiJ.os 

epidermis  51,  eirl,  bkpfxa 

epigram  51,  78,  eirlypajxiia 

epigrammatic,  tiny  pan  ixar-iKb% 

epigraphy,  eTnypa4)r] 

epileptic  65 

epilepsy  loi 

epilogue  129,  ewiXoyos 

epiphyte  83 

Episcopalian,  k-irlaKoiros 

episode,  kireLaodLOv 

epistle,  eTLffToXr] 

epitaph  51,  eirl,  Td<^os 

epithem  iii 

epithesis  iii 

epithet  83,  iii 

epitome,  einTOf.ir] 

epizoon,  kivi,  ^c^ov 

epoch,  eiroxv 

ergograph  135,  end 

erythrocyte,  epvOpos,  kvtos 

esophagus,  otaw,  0a7 

esoteric  52 

ether,  aW-qp 

ethics  92,  ridiKos 

ethnic,  kdviKos 

ethnology,  Wvos,  Xeyco 

Eugene  94 

eugenic  43>  94 

eulogist  129 

eulogistic  129 

eulogize  129 

eulogy  129 

-eum  81 

euphony  52,  63 

evangelical,  eL'a77eXtoi' 

evangelist 

evangelize,  evayyeXl^oiJiai 

exocarp,  e^co,  KapTos 

exodus  51,  e^oSos 


lOO 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


exogen  52,  e^oo,  ylyvofxai 
exoteric  52 
exosmosis,  e^,  cocrjuojcrts 

fancy  119 
fantastic  119 
fantasy  119 

galaxy,  7aXa^tas 

gastrectomy,  ya(rT7]p,  eKTonrj 

gastric,  yaarpLKos 

gastrology,  yaarrip,  Xkyca 

genealogy  30,  yevedXoyia 

genesis  36 

genetic  43 

geocentric,  7ea,  Kevrpov 

geode  94 

geodesy  114 

geodetic  114 

geographer   100,   III   (a),   102, 

114 
geography  41,  102,  114 
geologist  114 
geology  114 
geometer  114 
geometric  114 
geometry  114 
George  114 
Georgia  114 
georgic  114 

geotropism,  7ea,,  rpeTrco 
geranium,  yepaviov 
gigantic  34 
glossary,  yXdaaa 
grammar,  ypaixixanKi] 
grammatical,  ypaixpLariKos 
graphic,  7pa0i/c6s 
gymnasium  96  (e) 
gymnast  96  {e) 
gymnastic  96  (e) 
gymnosperm,  yvfxpos,  airkpua 


harmony,  app-ovla 

hectic  65 

heliocentric,  ifKios,  Kevrpov 

heliograph  32 

hehotrope  72 

Hellene  96  ( /") 

Hellenic  96  (/) 

Hellenism  96  (/) 

Hellenist  96  (/) 

Hellenistic  96  (/) 

Hellenize  96  (/) 

hematocytolysis,     aljua,    Khros, 

XOcrts 
hematophyte,  olp-a,  4>vTbv 
hematorrhea,  aXpta,  pkoj 
hemisphere  53 
hemorrhage,  alixoppayla 
hepatic  34 
hepatica,  rjiraTiKSs 
heresy  loi 
heretic,  atpetLKos 
hermit  (eremite),  hp-qpLiT-qs 
hero,  rjpcos 
heroic,  rjpooLKos 
heterodox  132 
heterodoxy  132 
hierarch  116 
hierarchy  116 
hierophant  44 
hippodrome  32 

hippopotamus,  ittttos,  Trora^ios 
history  30,  iaTopia 
hodometer,  656s,  p-erpop 
holocaust,  oXos,  /catco 
homogeneous  38,  47,  94,   100, 

in(c) 

homonym,  dpos,  ovvpa,  ovopa 
horizon,  bpl^wv 
horoscope,  Sipa,  crKOiros 
hyacinth,  vauvdos 
hydatid,  Waris 
hydr-,  i)5ajp 


INDEX  AND  KEY  TO  DERIVATION 


lOI 


hydra  134 

hydrangea,  i;5cop,  b/yyiiov 
hydrant  134 
hydrate  134 
hydraulic  134  and  note 
hydro-  134 

hydrocyst,  vbwp,  kvcttls 
hydrogen,  v8o:p,  yiyvofjiaL 
hydromedusa,  vdwp,  MkSovaa 
hydrometer,  u5cop,  ixerpov 
hydrophobia  134 
hydrophore  104 
hydrostatic  112,  134 
hydrotomy,  v8oop,  re/xvco 
hygiene  30,  vyuLvbs 
hymenoptera,  vp-iiv,  irrkpov 
hymn,  vp^vos 
hymnody,  vixvwb'ia 
hyperbole  51,  117 
hypercritical  51 
hypertrophy,  virkp,  Tpkiixa 
hyphen,  v4>kv 
hypnosis,  vttvoco 
hypoblast,  vtto,  /SXaaros 
hypochondriac,  viroxov8pios 
hypodermic  51,  vird,  depfxa 
hypotenuse,  viroTdvovaa 
hypothesis  51,  iii 
hypothetical  11 1 
hypotrophy,  v-ko,  Tpe(j)0) 

-ic  90 

-ical  91 

ichthyology  36 

ichthyohagous  45 

iconoclast,  elKcoi',  KXdoj 

-ics  92 

idea  30 

idiom,  i8l(»}p.a 

idiomatic 

idiosyncrasy,  IbtoavyKpaala 

idol,  e'ibiSKov 


idolatry,  dSuiKo-XaTpeia 

idyl,  eldOWiOv 

idyllic,  el5vX\LK6s 

Irene,  eipijvr] 

irenic,  dprjvLKos 

iris,  Ipts 

-ism  97 

isotherm,  laos,  6epp.b% 

-ist97 

-istic  97 

-itis  93 

-ize  95,  97 

kaleidoscope  38 

labials  64  (i) 
laconic,  AaKcoi^tK^s 
larynx  34 
lemma,  \rjp.pa 
lethargy,  X-qdapyla 
leucocyte,  Xeu/c6s,  /euros 
lexicon  129 
liquids  64  (i),  (2) 
lithograph  32 
liturgy,  XeLTovpyia 
logic  92,  129 
logical  129 
logographer  129 
logography  129 
lyre,  \vpa 
lyric,  Xupi/cos 

magic,  p.aycKos 

malacostraca,  juaXa/cis,  6(jTpaKoi> 

mania  108 

maniac  108 

martyr,  paprvs 

mausoleum  8i 

mechanic  30 

megaphone  47 

melancholy  47 

melodrama,  /ieXos,  bpap.a 


I02 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


melody,  fxfXcpdla 
mesentery^  ^eaevTeptop 
mesoblast,  juecos,  ^Xaaros 
mesocarp,  juecros,  KapirSs 
Mesopotamia,  neaos,  ■Korap.bs 
metabolic  117 
metabolism  117 
metacarpus  51,  Kapiros 
metallurgy  135 
metamorphic  107 
metamorphose  51,  107 
metamorphosis  107 
metamorphous  107 
metaphor,  fj.tTa4>opa 
metaphysics  140,  jieTa,  4>v(jLKa 
metathesis  iii 
meteor,  fierkcopos 
meter,  ixerpov 
method  32,  juera,  656s 
Methodist,  method 
metonymy,  fieTo.,  ovojia 
metrical,  ixerpov 
metronome,  fxerpov,  vkixw 
metropolis  100,  III  {b) 
miasma,  niacrixa 
miasmatic,  yLiaanaTLKos 
microbe,  hlkpos,  /3los 
microscope  47 
microtome  41,  47 
mime  109 

mimeograph,  uLi^tonaL,  ypacfxjo 
mimesis  109 
mimetic  43,  109 
mimic  109 
misanthrope  123 
misanthropic  123 
misanthropy,  ^iiaew,  ai^dpcoiros 
misogynism  123 
misogynist  123 
misogyny  123 

monarch,    fxovos,    apxoJ,    fxopap- 
Xos 


monarchy,  iJLOPapxla 
monk,  (jLovaxos 
monogram  78 
monolith  32 
monopoly,  ^jLovoircSKla 
monosyllable,  p.bvos,  avXXadv 
monotone  46 
monotonous  100,  III  (c) 
Morpheus  107 
morphine  107 
morphosis  107 
museum  22,  81 
music  74,  92 
mutes  64  (i) 
mycetozoon,  fivKrjs,  fwoj^ 
myelitis,  fiveXos 
myelocyst,  fxveXos,  kvcftls 
myelocyte,  ^nueXos,  kvtos 
mystery,  jivottiplov 
mystic,  fivarLKos 
myth  22,  124 
mythic  106 
mythological  106,  124 
mythologist  85,  86 
mythology  86,  106,  124 

naiad,  Natas 
narcissus,  papKuaaos 
narcosis  96  (c) 
narcotic  96  (c) 
nausea,  vavala 
nautical  79 
necromancy  108 
necropolis,  veKpos,  ttoXls 
necrosis  96  (c) 
nectar,  vkKxap 
nemesis  121 
neolithic  47 
neophyte  47,  83 
nephritis  74,  93 
neuralgia,  vtvpov,  aXyos 
neurasthenia,  vevpnv.  aaf^kveia 


INDEX  AND  KEY  TO  DERIVATION 


103 


neuraxon,  vevpov,  ii^cov 
neurocyte,  vevpov,  kvtos 
neurology,  vevpov,  ^eyoj 
neuroma,  vevpov 
neuron  136 
neurosis,  vevpov 
neurotic,  vevpov 
nomad  121 
nomadic  121 
nome  121 
nosology  32 

notochord,  vcotov,  xopSi] 
nymph,  vvfx(t>r] 

ochlocracy  131 
ode,  oj6i7 
odeum  81 
old  94 

oligarch,  oXl-yos,  cipx^ 
-ology  86,  87,  122,  125 
Olympian  89 
Olympus  89 
oospore,  w6v,  a-rropos 

optical,  OTTTLKOS 

optician,  otttlkos 
optics  45 

orchestra,  bpxh<^Tpa 
organ  32,  135  and  note 
organic  135 
organism  135 
organize  135 
ornithology  34 
orphan,  6p4>av6s 
orthodox  132 
orthodoxy  132 
orthography,  opOos,  7pa,0co 
orthoptera,  6p66s,  inepov 
-osis  96  (c) 
osmosis,  o^ajj-waLS 
ostracize,  oarpaKl^o: 
otology  34,  ous,  Xeyoo 
oxygen,  o^vs,  yiyvoiJLaL 


pachyderm  34 
pachydermous  100,  III  (c) 
paedeutic  96  (d) 
palatals  64  (i) 
panacea,  TcavaKeia 
panorama  41 
pantheism  47 
pantograph  47 
pantomime  109 
paradigm  67 
paradise,  Trapddeiaos 
paradox  132 
paradoxical  132 
paragraph  51 
parallel,  TrapaXXryXos 
paralysis,  irapa,  Xi'co 
paraphrase,  -jrapaippaaLs 
parasite  51,  irapa<nTos 
parenthesis  iii 
parenthetical  iii 
pathetic  118 
pathological  118 
pathology  38,  118 
pathos  118 
patriarch  116 
patriarchy,  Trarptapxto. 
patriot  79 
pedagogical  133 
pedagogue  34,  133 
pedagogy  133 
pediatric  34 
pediatry,  xats,  laTpela 
pentagon,  Tevraycovos 
peony,  iraLcovLos 
pepsin  41 

perianth,  irepl,  avdos 
pericardium,  irepl,  KapSia 
pericarp  51,  irepl,  Kapiros 
perimeter  51 
period,  irrepiodos 
periodic,  irepLod-LKos 
periphrasis,  Trepi^pao-ts 


I04 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


perisarc,  xept,  aap^ 
peristyle,  TreplaTvXov 
peritoneum,  TvepLTovatov 
petal,  irkTokov 
phagocyte,  </)a7,  kvto% 
phalanx,  (jyaXaj^ 
phanerogam  119 
phantasm  119 
phantasmagory  119 
phantom  119 
pharmaceutic  96  (d) 
pharmacopeia,  (fyapnaKoiroda 
pharmacy  32 
pharynx,  (fiapvy^ 
phase  119 

phenomenon  20,  44,  119 
Philadelphia  32 
philanthropic  122 
philanthropist  122 
philanthropy  122 
philharmonic  122 

Philip   122,   (^tXtTTTTOS 

philodemic  122 
philologist  122 
philology  122 
philomath  122 
philosopher  122 
philosophy  80,  122 
phlebotomy  34,  ^Xe^,  rkfivo: 
phlox,  0X6$ 
phonetic,  (fycuvr],  0wj'eco 
phonograph,  (pwvij,  ypacpoi 
phosphorous  85 
photograph  34 
photographer  85,  86 
photography  86 
photosphere,  (/)cos,  a^olpa 
phyllophorous,  4>vk\ov,  4>kp(ji 
phyllopoda,  (j>vXkov,  ttovs 
phylum,  4)v\ov 
physical  36,  90 
physician,  ^vaiKos 


physics  36,  92,  136 

physiography,  (f)vaL$,  ypcKfxa 

physiological  124 

physiologize  124 

physiology  124,  136 

-phyte  83 

pirate  96  (a) 

piratical  96  (a) 

plague,  7rX?77i7 

planet,  TrXdvrjs 

plasm  67 

plaster,  eix-KKaarpov 

plastic  66 

plethora,  irXrjdcopT] 

pleura,  irXevpa 

plutocracy  131 

pneumatic,  irvevfxaTLKOt 

pneumonia,  TrvthpMv 

poem  78 

poet  30,  41,  73,  76 

polemic,  7roXe/xt/c6s 

poliomyelitis,  ttoXios,  ixveKo^ 

political  79,  90 

pohtics  36,  79,  92 

polyanthous  38 

polygamous  80,  85,  86 

polygamy  80,  86 

polyglot, TToXus,  7X007x0  =  7Xajacra 

polygon,  7roXu7a)j'os 

polymorphous  107 

polypus  34 

polytechnic,  ttoXvs,  rex*''? 

polytheism  47 

pomp  75 

pore,  Topos 

practical  65,  84,  120 

practice  120 

pragmatic  40,  41,  120 

praxis  120 

prefix  58 

Presbyterian,  irpea^vTepos 

priest,  139,  irpeo^vTepos 


INDEX  AND  KEY  TO  DERIVATION 


105 


prism,  IT  plana 
problem  117 
problematic  117 
prognathous  32 
prologue  51,  129 
propaedeutic  96  (i) 
prophet  51,  7rp6,  077/t£ 
prophylaxis,  irpo,  4>v\aa(70} 
protagonist,  TrpooTayiovLaTris 
protoplasm,  irpcoros,  TrXdajua 
protozoon,  Trpcoros,  ^i^iov 
psalm,  \l/a\[x6s 
pseudonym  38 
pseudopodia,  \pev8os,  ttovs 
psychiatry,  xpvxi,  laTpela 
psychotherapy,  \}/vx'n,  depaireia 
ptomaine,  7rrw/xa 
pyosis  96  (c) 
pyramid,  irvpafils  , 

pyre,  irvpi] 

pyrography,  irvp,  7pd(/)&j 
pyrosis  96  (c) 
pyrotechnic  34 

rhetor  19,  76 
rhetoric  92 
rhetorical  90 
rhinoceros,  pivoKepus 
rhinology  34 

rhododendron,  podov,  bkvhpov 
rhythm,  pvQnbs 
rhythmical,  pud/iLKos 
root  55 

sarcasm,  aapKaap,bs 
sarcastic,  capKaaTiKos 
sarcoma,  aap^ 
sarcophagus  45,  aap^,  ^07 
satyr,  crdrupos 
scandal,  cKavdakov 
scene,  (jK-qvi) 
scenic,  aK-qviKSs 


scepter  32 

scheme,  ax^Ma 

schism  41,  113 

schismatic  113 

schist  113 

schistocyte  113 

schistoglossia  113 

scholar,  axoXi?,  Latin  scholaM 

ris,  scholaris 
scholastic  66 

scholium,  axo^<-ov  from  axo^'h 
school  30,  axokrj 
sclerosis  96  (c) 
sclerotic  96  (c) 

scope,  CTKOTTOS 

semaphore  41 

sepsis  77 

septic  84 

sibilant  64  (3) 

simple  word  61 

skeleton  83 

skeptic  43 

sonants  64  (i) 

sophism  67,  96  ( 0 

sophist  96  (/) 

sophistic  96  (/) 

spasm,  o-Tracrpos 

spasmodic  94 

sphere,  a4>atpa 

spheroid  94 

sphincter,  (TcpLyKT-qp 

sphinx,  a4>iy^ 

sphygmic,  acfyvypLOs 

sphygmograph  77 

spleen,  aiAriv 

sporadic,  airopd.,  cnropa87]v,  cttto- 

paSiKos 
spore,  ffTTopos 
static  42,  112 
stem  56 

stereoscope,  artptos,  cfkoitos 
Stereopticon,  arepeos,  OTrrt/cof 


io6 


EVERYDAY  GREEK 


stereotype,  arepeds,  rinros 

sternum  22 

stigma,  arlyna 

stomach,  o-rdixaxos 

story,  shortened  form  of  history, 

IcTTopia 
stratagem  133 
strategic  133 

strategy  100,  III  (a),  102,  133 
strophe,  aTpo<pr] 
suffix  57 
surds  64  (i) 
surgeon  135,  139 
surgery  135 
surgical  135 
syllable  70,  loi 
sylloge  130 
symbol  117 
symmetry,  crvp-ixeTpla,  cFvv-\-p.kT- 

pov 
sympathetic  118 
sympathize  118 
sympathy  68,  118 
symphony  68 
symphysis  68 
symptom,  uvjx-KTcop.a 
symptomatic,  (rii/xTrrco/xar-tKos 
synagogue,  avvayiti^r] 
synarthrosis  no 
synchondrosis,  avv,  xovbpos 
syndesmosis,  (jvv8t(jfj.(jjaLs 
synod,  avvoSos 
synonym,  avp,  ovoixa 
syntactical  115 
syntax  115 
synthesis  42,  77,  in 
synthetic  in 
syringe,  avpiy^ 
system  70,  73,  78,  112 
systematic  112 
systematize  112 


tactical  115 

tactics  115 

taxonomy,  rd^ts,  vbp.o^ 

technical,  TexvLKos,  rkxvr] 

telegram  78 

telegraph  52 

telephone,  r^Xe,  4>wv'eoo 

telescope  43,  100,  III  {h) 

theater  32,  Okarpov 

theism  32,  deos 

theme  in 

theologian  124 

theological  124 

theology  124 

theorem,  dtdcprnxa 

theoretical,  deojprjriKos 

theory,  dewpla 

theosophy,  deos,  ao(f)la 

therapeutic,  OepairevTiKos 

therapy,  depairda 

thermometer,  depfxas,  jierpov 

thesis  in 

thoracic,  OwpaK-iKos,  BGipa^ 

thorax,  Oupa^ 

-tic  84 

titanic,  TiravLKos 

tome  75 

tone  72,  75 

tonic,   TOl'LKOS 

topic,   TOTVLKOS,   rOTTOS 

topography,  tottos,  7pd0w 

toxic,   TO^LKOS 

toxin,  To^LKos 
trachea,  rpaxvs 
tragedy,  rpaywdla 
tragic,  TpajLKos 
trichina  34,  dpi^ 
trichoblast  34,  dpi^,  jSXao-ros 
tricycle,  rpt-,  kvkXos 
trigonometry,  TpiycovofxeTpla 
tripod,  34,  100,  III  (c) 


INDEX  AND  KEY  TO  DERIVATION 


107 


trope  75 

trophy,  TpoTTOLov 

tropic  41,  72,  75 

tune,  Tovos 

type  32,  41 

typical,  TviriKos,  tvttos 

tyrannical,    Tvpaw-iKos,    rhpav- 

vos 
tyranny,  tv paw-is,  rvpavvos 
tyrant,  rvpavpos 


verbal  59 

xiphoid,  ^i0oet5i7s 
xiphosura,  ^i4>os,  ovpa 

zone,  ^601^17 
zoologist  85,  86,  102 
zoologize  127 
zoology  86,  102 
zoophyte,  ^u)ov,  (f)VT6i' 


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